10 As approaches to leadership learning are culturally examined and modifed, educators will also need to do their own work to enhance their effectiveness in teaching and learning across culture. Implications of International Leadership for All Darbi L. Roberts Based on Dugan, Deardorff, and others’ writing in this book and elsewhere, the key to being effective in the twenty-frst century is rethinking leadership learning so that it embraces a twenty-frst century reality—a reality that is increasingly characterized by tensions noted in Table 10.1. As Roberts noted in Chapter 1 of this issue, many researchers are ex- ploring and authors writing about these tensions. Specifcally, the Rand analysis (Bikson, Treverton, Moini, & Lindstrom, 2003) confrms research produced by the American Council on Education’s Center for International and Global Engagement since its creation in 2010—that cross-cultural and international engagement is required to produce globally competent stu- dents (Brustein, 2007). Ultimately, we face several choices in the twenty-frst century. These choices refect contrasting principles, each of which will pose tensions in daily living, such as those refected in Table 10.1. They are not necessarily mutually exclusive and may be seen as complementing each other in certain circumstances. However, the reality of world transformation is that those who embrace the world as a connected community, with mutual needs, and bonded through joint resolution of our challenges, are likely to be more engaged and successful in the future. If we are to create momentum for change in cultivating capacity for international citizenship and leadership, two primary questions sit at the heart of that change process: What must leadership educators learn? What must leadership educators do with that knowledge? I will spend Chapter 10 trying to answer those two questions. NEW DIRECTIONS FOR STUDENT LEADERSHIP, no. 160, Winter 2018  2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) • DOI: 10.1002/yd.20315 109