Voice and Meaning-Making in Team Ethnography
ANGELA CREESE
University of Birmingham
ADRIAN BLACKLEDGE
University of Birmingham
Drawing on research on complementary schools in the United Kingdom, this presentation consid-
ers some of the issues in the research method used in studying this after-school community site.
Processes of analysis employed by the ethnography team are disclosed so as to illuminate the
dynamics of theory building in a large research team. [reflexive language, team ethnography,
voice, representation].
In linguistic anthropology and linguistic ethnography our primary task is to make
meaning from the speech of others. When we engage in such an endeavor in teams of
researchers, the process of meaning-making is both complex and rich with potential. We
have previously written accounts of the roles and relationships of teams of ethnogra-
phers as they work in collaboration to investigate linguistic practices and identities in
multilingual community education settings. Creese and colleagues (2008b) analyzed the
use of field notes in team ethnography in complementary schools, while Creese and
colleagues (2009) focused their attention on multilingual researcher identities. Creese
(2008, 2010, 2011) and Blackledge (2011) have written accounts of linguistic ethnography
in action. Blackledge and Creese (2010) gave a developed account of working in a
multilingual team of researchers, demystifying the research process and making it acces-
sible and understandable to those who teach, study, and research in multilingual edu-
cational contexts. In this article we extend that work by asking how teams of researchers
negotiate and come to (dis)agreements in the process of making “meaning” out of
“data.” That is, how multiple linguistic practices in and out of informal educational
settings are synthesized into “research findings.” Indeed, this process of “meaning-
making” is often at best implicit, not only in anthropological and educational research
but also in social research more generally, whether conducted by individuals or by
teams.
In this article, we draw on an Economic and Social Research Council–funded project,
Investigating Multilingualism in Complementary Schools in Four Communities (Creese
et al. 2008a), and set out to analyze the complex process in which a team of researchers
engages with data collected in multisite, multilingual educational settings and brings to
bear on analysis its different biographies, histories, and ideologies. These are nonstatutory
schools run by their local communities, which students attend in order to learn the
language normally associated with their ethnic heritage. Adopting an ethnographic
approach, the research team put into play their diverse perspectives and sets of beliefs as
they investigated community learning spaces. These grassroots institutions had devel-
oped with very little government funding. In many ways vulnerable and surviving from
hand to mouth, they were nonetheless sites that had a political role in countering the
monolingual orientation of mainstream schooling, and providing young people with an
opportunity to resist ethnic categories and social stereotypes associated with static identity
markers. The nonstatutory schools provided a community resource for young people,
parents, and teachers to network and to support positive student learner identities. They
Anthropology & Education Quarterly, Vol. 43, Issue 3, pp. 306–324, ISSN 0161-7761, online ISSN 1548-1492.
© 2012 by the American Anthropological Association. All rights reserved.
DOI:10.1111/j.1548-1492.2012.01182.x.
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