VOLUME 63, NUMBER 17 PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 23 OCTOBER 1989
BUliard Model of a Ballistic Multiprobe Conductor
C. W. J. Beenakker and H. van Houten
Philips Research Laboratories, 5600 JA Eindhoven, The Netherlands
(Received 30 June 1989)
A model for ballistic transport based on classical mechanics of electrons at the Fermi level is shown to
exhibit a variety of magnetoresistance anomalies found experimentally in narrow-channel two-
dimensional electron gases. Among the phenomena considered are quenched and negative Hall resis-
tances, the last Hall plateau, bend resistances, and geometrical resonances.
PACS numbcrs: 73.50Jt, 72.20.My, 73.40.Kp
Resistance measurements in a ballistic narrow channel
in a two-dimensional electron gas show a complex, non-
monotonic dependence on a weak perpendicular magnet-
ic field B. Phenomena which have drawn particular at-
tention are the "quenching of the Hall effect"
1
"
4
(a
suppression of the Hall resistance around zero field), the
"negative Hall resistance,"
3
the "last Hall plateau"
l
~*
(reminiscent of quantum Hall plateaus, but occurring at
much lower B), "bend resistances"
5
(associated with
current passing around the corner at a junction), and
"magnetically reduced backscattering"
6
(a decrease of
the longitudinal resistance in weak magnetic fields). The
theoretical effort in this field
7
"
10
has focused on models
of quantum-mechanical propagation and scattering, äs in
an electron waveguide, Quantum-mechanical phase
coherence is certainly necessary for some of the fine
structure which appears experimentally only at the
lowest (mK) temperatures, but the phenomena listed
above have a relatively weak temperature dependence
—suggesting a different origin. In this Letter we
demonstrate that a model based on classical junction
scattering, äs in an electron billiard, exhibits all these
phenomena, which can thus be classified äs classical
magneto-size effects in a degenerate electron gas.
Our investigation builds on two recent papers:
10
'" To
explain the nonadditivity of the contact resistance of two
opposite constrictions, we first pointed out
11
that a flared
(hornlike) constriction collimates the beam of injected
electrons, äs a result of the adiabatic invariance of the
product of width and transverse momentum. Baranger
and Stone have proposed
10
(on the basis of a quantum-
mechanical calculation of the low-field Hall resistance)
that this collimation causes the quenching of the Hall
effect in a (realistic) cross geometry with rounded
corners, by suppressing the coupling of the current-
carrying channel to the side probes used to measure the
Hall voltage.
We summarize our main results. Our calculations of
the low-field Hall resistance RH show a quenched äs well
äs a negative RH, depending on the geometry and con-
sistent with the experiments of Ford et al.
3
in which
different geometries were compared. We find that a
strong suppression of the coupling to the side probes is
not necessary for a drastic reduction of RH below its 2D
value—a relatively weak collimation of the injected
beam to a cone of 90° angular opening being sufficient.
At higher fields a strikingly broad and flat Hall plateau
appears—although the model contains no quantization.
Its origin is the guiding-center drift along the curved
channels walls at the junction. This classical effect
enhances RH to the contact resistance of the lead, which
is approximately independent of B over a wide field
ränge
12
—hence the plateau. Geometrical resonances
cause oscillations on the Hall plateau, resembling the os-
cillations in the experiments.
3
'
4
Magnetic guiding
reduces backscattering, thereby suppressing the longitu-
dinal resistance RL and the bend resistance RB- As in
the experiments
13
"
15
we find an "overshoot" in RB from
a negative to a positive value before it drops to zero, due
to destruction of collimation before guiding becomes
effective.
We consider the geometry of a long channel with two
intersecting side channels (Fig. l, right inset). An elec-
FIG. 1. Hall resistance for three hard-wall geometries. The
straight line is the 2D result. The three curves are for a
double-cross geometry (right inset), with different rounding of
the corners (left inset; the contours are Segments of the curve
x
f
+y
p
— const, with p—2, 4, and 8 for the dotted, solid, and
dashed contours, respectively).
© 1989 The American Physical Society 1857