A Comparative Analysis of Green Supply Chains Among Countries in the Middle East, Latin America, and Europe Alexander Wollenberg Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Email: alexander.wollenberg@ku.ac.ae José Guadalupe Octavio Cabrera Lazarini and Juan José Cabrera Lazarini and Luis Fernando Orta Parra Department of International Business, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, México Email: octavio.cabrera@tec.mx, jcabrera@tec.mx, A01610337@itesm.mx Ameya Sathya Kakade The International School Bangalore, Bangalore, India Email: ameya.kakade17@gmail.com Abstract—We used Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to compare the development of Sustainable (Green) Supply in three regions of the world, the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) in the Middle East, six countries in Europe, and six countries in Latin America, which were selected based on the rank of their Logistics Performance Index. The focal region were the six member countries of the GCC against which countries in the other two regions were compared over a 10-year period. We based our empirical analysis on UN SDGs concerned with affordable and clean energy (SDG 7), industry, innovation and infrastructure (SDG 9), sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11), and climate action (SDG 13). Using a modified model of RAM-DEA, Kuwait, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia in particular showed high levels of inefficiency, which were marked by high oil consumption, low investment in good inputs (e.g. R&D, academic basic and applied research), and low outputs, specifically in terms of clean (e.g. solar) energy. It could be said that countries in Western Europe still led in terms of inputs versus outputs. However, certain countries in other regions are also strong contenders in sustainable supply chains. These include the UAE, Oman, México, Panamá, and Ecuador. Index Terms—DEA, GCC, Latin America, sustainable development goals, efficiency, supply chains, sustainability, renewable energy, corporate social responsibility, logistics performance index I. INTRODUCTION Global competitive pressures are forcing countries to strengthen their position in the world market through regional integration. With trade and customs agreements individual countries have been enabled to improve their competitive position within a single regional market towards other regions and countries globally. This was also the incentive for the Gulf countries to establish a Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf in 1981, also known as Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), comprising Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. Gulf integration has enabled facilitation of the movement of production, removing trade barriers, and coordinating economic policies, extending the size of the market to 35.65 million people who live in this region [1], [2]. Moreover, it has created the preconditions for establishment of supply chains and sophisticated logistics networks with the aim of joint GCC exposure connecting the GCC as a region and globally. Internally, the GCC is an area of economic cooperation comprising the four freedoms akin to the EU. Externally the GCC has a growing network of free trade agreements with various parts of the world, most notably with EFTA countries, the US (Framework Agreement for Trade, Economic, Investment and Technical Cooperation), Singapore (GCC-Singapore FTA), and Australia, and bilateral cooperation agreements of individual countries such as UAE with Mexico. [3], [4]. According to the Statistical Centre for the Cooperation Council for the Arab Countries of the Gulf [5], total export of GCC countries was approximately USD 652 billion of USD in 2018 with an increasing trend. The export of oil, natural gas, and chemical produts are the most important exports; however many other products form an important share of exports from GCC countries. For example, non-oil exports contribute 70% to the GDP of the UAE; however, these are mostly other commodities such as gold, jewellery, and electronics; a notable exception are the aerospace and defense sectors in which the UAE also excels and exports [7]. No other country in the GCC has reached the same level of economic diversification as the UAE. On average, the oil 58 Journal of Advanced Management Science Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2022 ©2022 Journal of Advanced Management Science doi: 10.18178/joams.10.2.58-64 Manuscript received January 1, 2022; revised April 3, 2022.