1/4 Volume 1 - Issue 1 Immune Response Associated to Infection It is known that the consequences of an immune response against a microorganism are often closely correlated with the interleukins that are produced by cells of innate or adaptive immunity. In adaptive immunity, the production of interleukins by TCD4+ ou T-helper cellsis arranged according to the differentiation of these cells. They can differentiate into distinct subtypes characterized as Th1, Th2 e Th17, among others, each of which has specialized tasks considering the type of interleukin that is secreted [1]. The TCD4+cell differs in a particular subtype according to the microorganism involved in the infectious disease. Microorganisms, when captured by cells of innate immunity, induce the production of certain interleukins that will direct the polarization of the TCD4+cells. These interleukins induce the production of transcription factors that will determine specific signaling pathways, which are responsible for the production of interleukins for each of these T cell patterns [2,3]. Th1 is an important standard in the immune response to viruses, bacteria and parasites through the production of IL-2 and IFN-γ cytokines and Th2 acts in the response especially against extracellular parasites as a function of the production of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6 [4,5]. The first signs of independent Th1/Th2 polarization appeared in the mid-1990s, with the discovery of IL17.The TCD4+lymphocytes producing IL-17 were termed Th17. These cells play a key role in the control of the intestinal microbiota as well in the defense against bacteria and fungi. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that IL-17 can initiate or amplify various inflammatory pathways [6]. IL-17 is of particular interest in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease due to its role both in the inflammatory process associated with disease and in the protective function against the microorganism P. gingivalis. The mechanisms associated with IL-17 in this context include the ability not only to orchestrate recruitment of neutrophils to infection sites but also to stimulate the production of antimicrobial peptides such as defensins and cathelicidins [7]. The possibility of detecting interleukins at the site of infection is important in determining the type of immune response and thereby tracing forms of treatment and/or monitoring their effect. The detection of interleukins (IL- Renata Kelly Mendes 1 , Giovanna R Degasperi 2 , Frank Herman Behrens 3 , Larissa Marcelino 4 , Ahron Sicard 2 , Karina Villalpando 5 , Sérgio L Pinheiro 4,5 and Augusto Etchegaray 1,4 * 1 Faculty of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Brazil 2 Immunology League, Faculty of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Brazil 3 Faculty of Electric Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Brazil 4 Post-Graduation in Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Brazil 5 Dental School, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Brazil *Corresponding author: Augusto Etchegaray, Faculty of Chemistry, Post-Graduation in Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil Submission: December 21, 2017; Published: January 12, 2018 Applications and Perspectives of Biosensors for Diagnostics in Infectious Diseases Cohesive J Microbiol infect Dis Copyright © All rights are reserved by Augusto Etchegaray. CRIM SONpublishers http://www.crimsonpublishers.com Abstract Infectious diseases are considered a major cause of morbidity and/or mortality worldwide, despite the development of preventive and control strategies. Infectious diseases result from the invasion of body tissues by disease-causing microorganisms. The occurrence and development of infectious diseases are closely associated with the functional state of the immune system. Interleukins play significant roles in modulating the immune response of the host during the course of an infectious disease, contributing to the maintenance of the homeostasis of the immune system. The use of biosensors for the detection of interleukins is a new and important strategy for the diagnosis of the infection and the immunological response profile that occurs for specific diseases, thus helping in the effective diagnosis, and allowing physicians to design treatment in a faster way, which contributes to better prognosis. For example, in the oral environment there are two major infectious diseases: caries and periodontitis. The microbes involved are respectively, Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonasgingivalis. The presence of specific interleukins in saliva or crevicular fluid will indicate that there is potentially an infectious disease, which could be connected with either caries or periodontal disease. For instance, an indicative for caries could be the presence of IL-6 in saliva, while periodontal disease would be confirmed by the presence of IL-17 in crevicular fluid. In addition, both diseases could be confirmed by the detection of higher levels of each of one of the pathogens. Considering the development of biosensor design and construction, the answer to all these question could be obtained in a single analysis. Mini Review ISSN 2578-0190