Research Article End-Stage Kidney Failure in Oman: An Analysis of Registry Data with an Emphasis on Congenital and Inherited Renal Diseases Intisar Al Alawi, 1,2 Issa Al Salmi, 3 Adhra Al Mawali, 4 Yacoub Al Maimani, 5 and John A. Sayer 2 1 National Genetic Centre, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman 2 Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK 3 Te Renal Medicine Department, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman 4 Centre of Studies and Research, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman 5 Te Renal Dialysis Centre, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman Correspondence should be addressed to Intisar Al Alawi; I.H.S.Al-Alawi2@newcastle.ac.uk Received 4 April 2017; Accepted 16 May 2017; Published 8 June 2017 Academic Editor: Franca Anglani Copyright © 2017 Intisar Al Alawi et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Globally, end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is a huge burden on health care systems. Te aims of this study were to perform a comprehensive epidemiological and etiological report of ESKD patients commencing RRT in Oman with an emphasis on genetic causes and inherited kidney disease. All newly registered Omani patients with ESKD commencing RRT from 2001 until 2015 (= 2,922) were analysed using the RRT register in Oman. All potentially genetic or inherited causes of ESKD were reviewed. In Oman, ESKD is more prevalent in males (57.1%) than females (42.9%) with a median age of incident ESKD of 53 years. Diabetic nephropathy was the most prevalent cause of ESKD (46%), followed by hypertensive nephropathy (19%), glomerulonephritis (15%), and inherited kidney disease (5%). For patients less than 20 years of age inherited kidney disease accounted for 32.5% of cases. Of this cohort with inherited renal disease, 40.3% had autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, 11.5% had congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, 9.4% had Alport syndrome, and 7.2% had autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. Tis study represents a comprehensive population-based epidemiological and etiological report of ESKD patients in Oman commencing RRT. Inherited kidney disease was the leading cause of paediatric ESKD. 1. Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common condition characterized by irreversible kidney damage and reduced glomerular fltration rates that may progress to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), where renal replacement therapy (RRT) is necessary for long term survival. Te number of patients receiving RRT worldwide in 2010 was estimated to be 2.6 million, whereas the estimated number of actual patients demanding RRT was 4.9 million [1]. Tis RRT gap is one of the global challenges presented with the growing rate of ESKD. Inherited kidney diseases are important causes of mor- bidity and may lead to both progressive CKD and ESKD. Inherited kidney disease accounts for approximately 20% of all CKD cases and is an important cause of ESKD [2]. Renal registry studies suggest that at least 10% of ESKD in adults is related to inherited renal disease, with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) making a large proportion of these cases [3]. In the United States (US) and Europe, congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) and inherited nephropathies are the major causes of CKD among youngest ESKD groups [4]. Te situation in the Middle East countries was revealed to be the same, but the prevalence of inherited kidney disease is reported to be much higher (up to 30%) compared to Europe due to high rates of consanguinity [4]. Oman is the second largest country in the South East of Arabian Peninsula (309,500 square kilometres) with a relatively small and young population (3,831,553 people). In Oman, there has been a progressive increase in the ESKD Hindawi International Journal of Nephrology Volume 2017, Article ID 6403985, 7 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6403985