Tailoring the Surface Functionalities of Titania Nanotubes for Biomedical Applications V. S. Simi, L. Mohan, and N. Rajendran Abstract Self-organized vertically aligned nanostructures grown on metallic substrates via anodization have attracted significant scientific attention for a wide range of applications. These nanotubular structures integrate highly controllable geometry at the nanoscale with fascinating biological and mechanical properties. This chapter attempts to cover the key electrochemical factors that control the tube geom- etry and also demonstrate various surface functionalization approaches for modifying the surface properties of TiO 2 nanotubes to develop new and pioneering functional biomaterials for biomedical applications. Furthermore, the anodization parameters that have led to the formation of nanotubes on various titanium alloys were also discussed. Keywords Titania nanotubes · Anodization · Functionalization · Biocompatibility 1 Introduction A biomaterial is any matter or surface derived either from nature or synthesized in the laboratory that interacts with the biological systems. They are often used or adapted for a medical application, encompassing a part or whole of a living structure or a designed medical device that performs, augments, or replaces a natural function [1]. V. S. Simi Department of Applied Science, Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala, India V. S. Simi (B ) · N. Rajendran Department of Chemistry, CEG, Guindy Campus, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India e-mail: simisasidharan08@gmail.com N. Rajendran e-mail: nrajendran@annauniv.edu L. Mohan Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 T. S. Santra and L. Mohan (eds.), Nanomaterials and Their Biomedical Applications, Springer Series in Biomaterials Science and Engineering 16, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6252-9_17 513