SPECIAL SECTION ON GREEN COMMUNICATIONS ON WIRELESS NETWORKS Received April 7, 2019, accepted May 29, 2019, date of publication June 5, 2019, date of current version June 24, 2019. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2920924 Toward Energy Efficiency Aware Renewable Energy Management in Green Cellular Networks With Joint Coordination ABU JAHID 1 , (Student Member, IEEE), MD. SHAMIMUL ISLAM 2 , MD. SANWAR HOSSAIN 1 , MD. EMRAN HOSSAIN 3 , MD. KAMRUL HASAN MONJU 3 , AND MD. FARHAD HOSSAIN 4 , (Member, IEEE) 1 Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh 2 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Information Technology and Sciences, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh 3 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh 4 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh Corresponding author: Abu Jahid (setujahid@gmail.com) ABSTRACT In this paper, we focus on an essential energy management approach for enhancing energy efficiency (EE) as well as reducing fuel consumption of off-grid cellular networks whose base stations (BSs) are supplied with hybrid power sources including solar PV array and diesel generator (DG). To take the full advantage of PV technology, this paper examines the reliability performance and carbon footprint implications in addition to EE. This paper also investigates the benefits of unevenly harvested green energy sharing mechanism under zero fuel consumption scheme via physically installed resistive power lines taking into account of dynamic nature of renewable energy (RE) generation and traffic arrival density. Furthermore, joint transmission coordinated multipoint (JT-CoMP) user association technique is integrated for achieving higher throughput and EE performance providing the best SINR quality to a connected user equipment (UE). A comprehensive Monte-Carlo based simulation study has been carried out for evaluating EE, EE index (EEI), and energy saving performances in downlink LTE-advanced networks under a wide range of network settings. The results reveal that the proposed system can attain up to 26% energy savings via cooperation mechanism and 48.7% more energy efficient in terms of EEI under peak load over the conventional hybrid paradigm. INDEX TERMS Renewable energy management, Green cellular network, Energy efficiency, Joint coordi- nation, LTE-A. I. INTRODUCTION The widespread availability of affordable data-hungry devices and their diverse type of applications such as video streaming, cloud storage, social networking, multimedia ser- vices, etc. upsurge the data traffic demand enormously in wireless networks. A recent study carried out by Cisco reveals that the volume of data transmission between mobile device to device has increased by 69%, which is about 2.5 exabytes monthly. This study also emphasized that the ever-expanding mobile traffic will not likely to saturated for the next half of a decade instead it will continue to grow around tenfold [1]–[3]. Researchers anticipate that the mobile phone will be the main communication device especially in the rural areas that enables people to communicate which results a The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Carol Fung. vast number of mobile phone subscriptions [4]. To handle the staggering wireless traffic evolution, cellular operators need to deploy an increased number of radio access network (RAN) and core infrastructure to support internet access everywhere providing the high bandwidth capacity. Conse- quently, this could lead massive electricity consumption and constitute higher capital and operational expenditures i.e. CAPEX and OPEX respectively accompanied by pollution intensive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Among all the other participants in the area of Informa- tion and Communication Technology (ICT), the BS avidly drains electricity around 60 to 80 percent of the total energy needed for the entire communication network and telecom operators are thereby facing exhaustive OPEX due to the power supply [5], [6]. The utilization of conventional energies like fossil fuels, coals increased carbon footprints caused by the operating cellular infrastructure. In the ICT sectors, 75782 2169-3536  2019 IEEE. Translations and content mining are permitted for academic research only. Personal use is also permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information. VOLUME 7, 2019