Combustion and Flame 143 (2005) 159–173 www.elsevier.com/locate/combustflame Liftoff characteristics of partially premixed flames under normal and microgravity conditions Andrew J. Lock a , Alejandro M. Briones a , Xiao Qin b , Suresh K. Aggarwal a,∗ , Ishwar K. Puri c , Uday Hegde d a Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA b Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA c Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA d National Center for Microgravity Research, Cleveland, OH 44135, USA Received 1 November 2004; received in revised form 29 April 2005; accepted 11 May 2005 Available online 28 July 2005 Abstract An experimental and computational investigation on the liftoff characteristics of laminar partially premixed flames (PPFs) under normal (1-g) and microgravity (μ-g) conditions is presented. Lifted methane–air PPFs were established in axisymmetric coflowing jets using nitrogen dilution and various levels of partial premixing. The μ-g experiments were conducted in the 2.2-s drop tower at the NASA Glenn Research Center. A time-accurate, implicit algorithm that uses a detailed description of the chemistry and includes radiation effects is used for the simulations. The predictions are validated through a comparison of the flame reaction zone topologies, liftoff heights, lengths, and oscillation frequencies. The effects of equivalence ratio, gravity, jet velocity, and radiation on flame topology, liftoff height, flame length, base structure, and oscillation frequency are characterized. Both the simulations and measurements indicate that under identical conditions, a lifted μ-g PPF is stabilized closer to the burner compared with the 1-g flame, and that the liftoff heights of both 1-g and μ-g flames decrease with increasing equivalence ratio and approach their respective nonpremixed flame limits. The liftoff height also increases as the jet velocity is increased. In addition, the flame base structure transitions from a triple- to a double-flame structure as the flame liftoff height decreases. A modified flame index is developed to distinguish between the rich premixed, lean premixed, and nonpremixed reaction zones near the flame base. The 1-g lifted flames exhibit well-organized oscillations due to buoyancy-induced instability, while the corresponding μ-g flames exhibit steady-state behavior. The effect of thermal radiation is to slightly decrease the liftoff heights of both 1-g and μ-g flames under coflow conditions.  2005 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Flame liftoff; Partial premixing; Microgravity; Flame stabilization; Diluents; Flame index * Corresponding author. Fax: +1 312 413 0441. E-mail address: ska@uic.edu (S.K. Aggarwal). 0010-2180/$ – see front matter  2005 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2005.05.011