58 ISSN 2079-0570, Advances in Gerontology, 2018, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 58–63. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2018. Original Russian Text © S.G. Maximova, O.E. Noyanzina, D.A. Omelchenko, 2017, published in Uspekhi Gerontologii, 2017, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 579–586. A Model of Social Exclusion of Elderly People in Siberian Regions S. G. Maximova*, O. E. Noyanzina, and D. A. Omelchenko Altai State University, Barnaul, 656049 Russia *e-mail: svet-maximova@yandex.ru Abstract—This paper presents the results of construction and approbation of a theoretical model for measur- ing social exclusion of the elder population in Siberian regions. This study is based on the results of a socio- logical survey (2016) in three Russian regions: Altai krai, Zabaikalskiy krai, and Kemerovo oblast (n = 779, aged 55 (women) and 60 (men) years and older). The theoretical model includes the following components: social and economic (material) deprivation, deprivation of social rights (access to social institutes and ser- vices), deprivation of security (a safe environment), deprivation of social participation, cultural (normative) disintegration, and social autism. These components and indicators are specific for the group of people at retirement age, which is a priori a group potentially at risk of social exclusion. Social exclusion, as a condition and situation of deprivation, can be estimated directly from the intensity of its components. The model has a one-sided effect; i.e., the intensity of one of the exclusion indices can lead to an increased intensity of social exclusion. Based on the operationalized components of social exclusion, the index of exclusion components and the total social-exclusion index for elderly people, including its regional correlations, were assessed. The results of a posteriori testing of the proposed model demonstrate a good correlation between theoretical and empirical models of social exclusion in elderly people. Keywords: social exclusion, elderly people, model of social exclusion, deprivation, condition and situation of exclusion, indicators, components, indices of social exclusion DOI: 10.1134/S2079057018010083 INTRODUCTION The issue of aging is usually linked to global pro- cesses, such as industrialization or globalization [2, 7]. According to O.V. Krasnova [5], old age is “the age of bad adaptation,” because an elderly person generally acquires certain somatic and mental disturbances that change family life and environmental conditions. Men- tal and social statuses are changed in elderly people, resulting in less physical and social opportunities [8]. According to M.E. Elyutina [4], I.A. Grigor’eva, and A.S. Bikkulov [3], the above situation is aggra- vated by the prevailing belief in society of the insepa- rable natures of old age, morbidity, and mortality. This has a negative impact on the status of elderly people, forces them to depend on others, and, thus, leads to social exclusion [6]. The concept of “social exclusion,” which was first used to describe the deprivation of physically chal- lenged people, was further conceptualized by K. Walsh et al. [25]. At present, social exclusion is measured by indicators of risk and factors of protection, various social circumstances that people have to overcome. In a broader sense, social exclusion is defined as “the process through which individuals or groups are wholly or partially excluded from full participation in the society within which they live” [13]. The notion of “social exclusion” contains two fundamental charac- teristics. First, it is a multidimensional phenomenon. For example, people can become excluded from soci- ety because of unemployment, level of salary, lack of possession of property, minimal consumption, educa- tional level, quality of life in the country, and citizen- ship. Therefore, excluded people appear more often deprived of close contacts or respect. However, the notion of “exclusion” focuses on the multidimen- sional nature of deprivation when people are often deprived from a multitude of social factors at once and thus exclusion (deprivation) can occur simultaneously in economic, social, and political spheres [8, 17]. In addition, social exclusion implies both certain interre- lations between individuals and groups and the pro- cesses that led to deprivation. Individuals can be excluded from different types of groups simultane- ously [10]. The factors that lead to social exclusion include poverty, subordination within the system of social identity (race, ethnic origin, religion, and gender), social position (refugees, migrants), demographic characteristics (education, professional qualification, and age), state of health, disability, or stigmatized dis- eases (HIV or AIDS). The social-exclusion model developed by the Social Exclusion Knowledge Network (SEKN) [20] represents it as a result of four interconnected factors (social, cultural, economic, and political) on different