International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) Peer-Reviewed Journal ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O) Vol-9, Issue-6; Jun, 2022 Journal Home Page Available: https://ijaers.com/ Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.96.36 www.ijaers.com Page | 346 Sustainability of Passenger Waterway Transportation under Demand and Service Level Constraints: A case study in Belém, Brazil Maisa Sales Gama Tobias 1 , Marcus Pinto da Costa da Rocha 2 , Paulo Sérgio Lima Pereira Afonso 3 1 Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa St., 1, Belém, Brasil, 66.075-110 Corresponding author: isatobias1@gmail.com 2 Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa St., 1, Belém, Brasil, 66.075-110 marcus.rocha60@gmail.com 3 Department of Production and Systems, Algoritmi Research Center, University of Minho, Campus Azurém, Guimarães, Portugal, 4804- 533 paulo.sergio.lima.pereira.afonso@gmail.com Received: 22 May 2022, Received in revised form: 15 Jun 2022, Accepted: 21 Jun 2022, Available online: 30 Jun 2022 ©2022 The Author(s). Published by AI Publication. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Keywords— sustainability, waterway transportation, cost model, activity- based costing, linear programming. Abstract— Waterway transportation is a very ancient mobility solution. Amazon region represents a good case study, where waterway transport played and is still playing a very important role. Nevertheless, passenger waterway transportation lacks economic models that help in designing and implementing strategies towards sustainability. In this work, a cost model of passenger waterway transportation was developed based on the assumptions of activity-based costing and used linear programming for cost optimization under demand and service level restrictions, with an objective- function of profit maximization of service. The model was applied in a passenger waterway transportation company to three crossings in Belém city - Brazil, for passengers and cargo, and vehicle transportation, operating on trips between Belém and Marajó Island. Different simulations in order to explore the opportunities and conditions of operational cost reductions were made. The search was for the best relation between cost and profit, i. e., model parameters include variable cost, profit and maximum number of possible trips. On results, cost reduction alternatives were established in order to reach the maximum profit and number of trips. The model proved to be useful for the design of sustainable waterway transportation services through the analysis of feasible and effective cost reduction strategies. I. INTRODUCTION Waterway transportation services have been using notably seas and rivers, lakes and canals to transport people where the natural conditions are favorable or where no other alternatives are feasible or represent a better economic solution. Using the water to travel and to transport was the first type of transportation to employ an energy source other than human or animal power; i.e., wind [1]. More recently, the development of the steam engine revolutionized water transportation because the energy source resulted more constant and reliable. In certain regions, waterway transportation systems are still