vv International Journal of Nanomaterials, Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine ISSN: 2455-3492 DOI CC By 007 Life Sciences Group Citation: Saleh TA (2016) Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Spectroscopy for Pharmaceutical Determination. Int J Nanomater Nanotechnol Nanomed 2(1): 029-014. DOI: 10.17352/2455-3492.000012 Citation: Sheka EF (2017) Reduced Graphene Oxide and Its Natural Counterpart Shungite Carbon. Int J Nanomater Nanotechnol Nanomed 3(1): 007-0014. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17352/2455-3492.000014 Abstract Large variety of structure and chemical-composition of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) is explained from a quantum-chemical standpoint. The related molecular theory of graphene oxide, supported by large experience gained by the modern graphene science, has led the foundation of the concept of a multi-stage graphene oxide reduction. This microscopic approach has found a definite confirmation when analyzing the available empirical data concerning both synthetic and natural RGO products, the latter in view of shungite carbon, suggesting the atomic-microscopic model for its structure. Review Article Reduced Graphene Oxide and Its Natural Counterpart Shungite Carbon Elena F Sheka* Russian Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, 117198 Russia Dates: Received: 16 December, 2016; Accepted: 10 January, 2017; Published: 11 January, 2017 *Corresponding author: Elena F. Sheka, Russian Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, 117198 Russia, E-mail: Keywords: Reduced graphene oxide; Technical graph- eme; Shungite carbon; Graphene oxide reduction; Quantum-chemical approach; Molecular theory https://www.peertechz.com Introduction According to the judgment of competent experts [1], the modern graphene technology can be divided into two independent domains, namely, low-performance (LP) and high-performance (HP) ones. The first includes a wide spectrum of practical applications based on graphene nanomaterials. The characteristic products of this domain are modified polymer and other composites, sensors and sensor screens, roll-up electron paper, organic light-emitting diodes, and so forth. The products of the second domain are based on micro- or larger sized one- or multilayer graphene sheets and represent electron devices, such as high-frequency, logic, and thin film field-effect transistors. This de facto division of the graphene technology into two types results from the molecular–crystalline dualism of the graphene nature and the technical implementation of its unique chemical and physical properties rather than from the simplification of operation with complex technologies [2]. The objective reasons of postponing the graphene HP technology [1,3] up to 2030 are the serious problems related to the development of technologies intended for mass production of micro and macrosized crystalline graphene sheets, which is complicated by the high cost of this material [4]. The implementation of the LP technology is more successful. The active efforts of numerous chemist teams solved the problem of mass production of the required technological material, namely, technical graphene. This material is the end product of a complex redox technological cycle, involving fragmentation of graphite to nanoparticles followed with the particle oxidation and formation of graphene oxide (GO) and completed with the GO reduction. In all the cases, structural analysis demonstrates well-pronounced non-flatness of GO molecules and almost entire restoration of the flatness of the basal plane of reduced graphene oxides (RGO). Therefore, RGO is mentioned as graphene in many works. However, in contrast to the technological materials used to date (which are usually rigorously standardized in chemical composition and structure), the standardization of technological graphene seems to be impossible, since this term covers a very wide set of substances, which represents various oxyhydride polyderivatives of graphene nano- and micro-molecular sheets and-or-molecules. All the substances of this class are characterized by the flatness of their carbon skeletons but differ by the chemical groups that terminate dangling bonds along their perimeter [2,5]. Evidently, the structure and chemical composition of RGO can change at each of the three stages of chemical synthesis mentioned above. The latter results in many versions of the chemical composition as well as shape and structure of synthesized RGOs, which is being actively discussed [6]. For example, the residual oxygen concentration, which is a very important parameter of the material, can differ 20 times in different productions. Reasons for an intrinsic variability of RGO Graphene chemistry drastically differs from the conventional molecular one and presents a very large and complicated domain related to substances with spatially distributed targets (see review [7] and references therein). Nevertheless, despite a great variety, morphologically, graphene-based (derivative) molecules can be divided into three groups: (i) verily graphene molecules (VGMs) presenting pieces of flat honeycomb sheets with non-saturated dangling bonds of edge atoms; (ii) framed graphene molecules that are the above VGMs with saturated dangling bonds in the circumference area (FGMs or CFGMs); and bulk graphene molecules (BGMs) with chemical addends