  Citation: Pavlovic, Z.R.; Milanovic, P.; Vasiljevic, M.; Jovicic, N.; Arnaut, A.; Colic, D.; Petrovic, M.; Stevanovic, M.; Selakovic, D.; Rosic, G. Assessment of Maxillary Molars Interradicular Septum Morphological Characteristics as Criteria for Ideal Immediate Implant Placement—The Advantages of Cone Beam Computed Tomography Analysis. Diagnostics 2022, 12, 1010. https://doi.org/10.3390/ diagnostics12041010 Academic Editors: Federica Vernuccio and Daniel Fried Received: 2 March 2022 Accepted: 15 April 2022 Published: 16 April 2022 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). diagnostics Article Assessment of Maxillary Molars Interradicular Septum Morphological Characteristics as Criteria for Ideal Immediate Implant Placement—The Advantages of Cone Beam Computed Tomography Analysis Zlata Rajkovic Pavlovic 1,† , Pavle Milanovic 1, * ,† , Milica Vasiljevic 1 , Nemanja Jovicic 2 , Aleksandra Arnaut 1 , Djurdjina Colic 1 , Marijana Petrovic 1 , Momir Stevanovic 1 , Dragica Selakovic 3, * and Gvozden Rosic 3 1 Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; zlatakg@yahoo.com (Z.R.P.); milicavaska13@gmail.com (M.V.); sandra11_92@yahoo.com (A.A.); djurdjinacolic@gmail.com (D.C.); m.petrovicstom@gmail.com (M.P.); momirstevanovic7@gmail.com (M.S.) 2 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; nemanjajovicic.kg@gmail.com 3 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; grosic@medf.kg.ac.rs * Correspondence: pavle11@yahoo.com (P.M.); dragica98@gmail.com (D.S.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the interradicular septum bone morphometric characteristics using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images, as well as to establish quantitative shortcuts to allow clinicians to make a faster and more reliable plan for immediate implant placement in the maxillary molars area. This retrospective quantitative study was conducted on CBCT images obtained from 100 patients. The morphometric analysis of the maxillary molars region was based on the parameters obtained on the sagittal and axial slices. The analysis performed on sagittal slices showed that the first maxillary molars had a wider interradicular septum when compared to the second molars, but the septum height in the first molars was significantly below the height in the second maxillary molars. The axial CBCT slices analysis showed that both interradicular septum perimeter and surface area were significantly more pronounced in the first than in the second maxillary molars. The interradicular furcation angle significantly correlated with the surface area (positively) and septum height (negatively) for both molars. The results of this study may recommend CBCT image analysis as a useful tool in predefining the circumstances that can allow for substantially better planning of immediate implant placement procedures in the region of maxillary molars. Keywords: maxillary molars interradicular septum; cone beam computed tomography—CBCT; morphometric analysis; immediate implant placement 1. Introduction The interradicular septum is the bone structure located between dental sockets that separates the tooth roots from furcation line to the apical limit of the roots [1]. The upper molars are usually multi-rooted teeth, predominantly with three roots, so the septal bone between them usually expresses triangular shapes [2]. Although the interradicular bone septum represents the ideal place for immediate implant placement in the posterior region [3], in some cases, insufficient interradicular bone septum dimensions could compromise implant placement procedures [4]. In order to achieve more successful implant therapy using the interradicular bone septum as the implant place, Agostinelli and coworkers [5] reported the importance of morphological characteristics of interradicular bone septum as the criteria determining the therapy. Diagnostics 2022, 12, 1010. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12041010 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/diagnostics