1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Supplementary Information Variola virus genome sequenced from an 18 th century museum specimen supports the recent origin of smallpox Giada Ferrari a,b,#, * , Judith Neukamm b,c,#, * , Helle T. Baalsrud a , Abagail M. Breidenstein b , Mark Ravinet a,d , Carina Phillips e , Frank Rühli b , Abigail Bouwman b,&, * , Verena J. Schuenemann b,&, * a Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway. b Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland. c Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen, Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. d School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. e The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 35-43 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PE, United Kingdom. # These authors contributed equally & These authors jointly supervised this study * Correspondence: giada.ferrari@ibv.uio.no, judith.neukamm@uzh.ch, abigail.bouwman@uzh.ch, verena.schuenemann@iem.uzh.ch 1