Research Article
Towards an Improved Energy Efficient and End-to-End Secure
Protocol for IoT Healthcare Applications
Arshad Ahmad ,
1,2
Ayaz Ullah,
2
Chong Feng ,
1
Muzammil Khan ,
3
Shahzad Ashraf,
4
Muhammad Adnan,
5
Shah Nazir ,
2
and Habib Ullah Khan
6
1
School of Computer Science & Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
2
Department of Computer Science, University of Swabi, Anbar, Pakistan
3
Department of Computer Science, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
4
College of Internet of ings Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
5
Department of Computer Science, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
6
Department of Accounting & Information Systems, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Correspondence should be addressed to Chong Feng; fengchong@bit.edu.cn
Received 22 July 2020; Revised 24 August 2020; Accepted 3 September 2020; Published 22 September 2020
Academic Editor: Amir Anees
Copyright©2020ArshadAhmadetal.isisanopenaccessarticledistributedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
In this paper, we proposed LCX-MAC (local coordination X-MAC) as an extension of X-MAC. X-MAC is an asynchronous duty
cycle medium access control (MAC) protocol. X-MAC used one important technique of short preamble which is to allow sender
nodes to quickly send their actual data when the corresponding receivers wake up. X-MAC node keeps sending short preamble to
wake up its receiver node, which causes energy, increases transmission delay, and makes the channel busy since a lot of short
preambles are discarded, as these days Internet of ings (IoT) healthcare with different sensor nodes for the healthcare is time-
critical applications and needs a quick response. A possible improvement over X-MAC is that local information of each node will
share with its neighbour node. is local information exchanged will cause much less overhead than in the nodes which are
synchronized. To calculate the effect of this the local coordination on X-MAC in this paper, we built an analytical model of LCX-
MAC that incorporates the local coordination in X-MAC. e analytical results show that LCX-MAC outperformed X-MAC and
X-MAC/BEB in terms of throughput, delay, and energy.
1. Introduction
As with rapid development in IoT healthcare devices, a
large amount of data is transmitted over limited energy
resources, so there is a requirement for IoT healthcare
environment which mostly consists of wireless sensor
nodes that collect different data from the environment
[1, 2]. MAC protocols with duty cycle mechanism have
been established mainly for saving energy in IoT healthcare
and wireless sensor networks (WSNs). IoT healthcare and
WSNs have many numbers of nodes; each node has a
transceiver and more than one sensor to monitor changes
in the environment and send the sensed data to collection
centre directly or through some middle nodes. As the
events to inform infrequently occur, the node only wakes
up periodically for a short time to send or receive data
known as duty cycle mechanism. Node only wakes up for a
short time and remains in the sleep mode most of the time.
In the sleep mode, the node turns off transceiver to save
energy by avoiding idle listening. us, a duty cycle in-
terchanges an extended sleep time duration and a short
wakeup time duration to save energy.
MAC protocols with duty cycle behaviour are broadly
divided into two categories, asynchronous and synchronous.
Nodes in asynchronous MAC protocols randomly wakeup
and keep sending preamble until its corresponding receivers
become awake. Synchronous MAC protocols from time to
time exchange their schedule information with their
neighbour nodes. e first synchronous MAC protocol was
S-MAC [3], and there are many modifications of S-MAC
Hindawi
Security and Communication Networks
Volume 2020, Article ID 8867792, 10 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8867792