INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 5: 805-810, 1994 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLK Proliferation of diploid hepatocytes and nonparenchymal (oval) cells during rat liver regeneration in the presence of 2-acetylaminofluorene PER O. SEGLEN, GUNNAR SÆTER 1 and PER E. SCHWARZE 2 Department of Tissue Culture, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway Received June 28, 1994; Accepted July 25, 1994 Abstract. Treatment of rats with the carcinogen 2- acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) during liver regeneration (Solt- Farber protocol) induced a selective outgrowth of diploid,zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA y- glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT)-positive hepatocytes (3-4 times increase) as well as of nonparenchymal (oval) liver cells. After cessation of treatment the oval cells rapidly disappeared, while the population of diploid, GGT-positive hepatocytes declined more slowly over the subsequent ten weeks. In animals pretreated with the initiating carcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN) a large fraction of the diploid, GGT-positive hepatocytes persisted. The results differ from those obtained with our standard, sequential treatment protocol (2-AAF given after completed regeneration), where there is no hyperproliferation of oval cells and where GGT- positive hepatocytes are found only in DEN-pretreated animals (Sæter et al, Carcinogenesis 9: 581-587, 1988). Different experimental models of liver carcinogenesis may thus present different patterns of liver cell proliferation, which should be taken into account when general hypotheses on the cellular origin of liver cancer are proposed. Introduction Recent studies of rat liver carcinogenesis have suggested that hepatocellular tumours may originate either from hepatocytes Correspondence to: Professor Per O. Seglen, Department of Tissue Culture, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway Present address: 'Department of Oncology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, N-0310 Oslo; department of Environmental Health, The National Institute of Public Health, N-0462 Oslo, Norway Abbreviations:2-AAF, 2-acetylaminofluorene; DEN, diethylnitrosamine; GGT, y-glutamyltranspeptidase; PH, partial (2/3) hepatectomy Key words: ploidy, flow cytometry, y-glutamyltranspeptidase, differentiation, stem cell, oval cell, hepatocyte or from a nonparenchymal cell type, the oval cells (1-5). The latter are normally present in very small numbers in the periportal region, surrounding bile duct termini (6). They appear to have a condition-dependent capacity to differentiate into bile duct cells as well as into hepatocytes, and may be closely related to embryonic hepatoblasts (7-11). In models of experimental liver carcinogenesis where 2- acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) is applied as a promoter during regenerative growth (the Solt-Farber protocol) (6,9) or in combination with a choline-free diet (12), a massive proliferation of oval cells and other non-parenchymal elements accompanies the development of altered hepatocellular lesions. In the Solt-Farber model, oval cell proliferation is observed even without an initiating carcinogen treatment (6). Apart from their characteristic morphology (small, with oval nuclei), oval cells can be recognized by the expression of marker enzymes like y- glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) (12,13) or OV-6 (14), which are not detectable in normal hepatocytes. After initiation of carcinogenesis by non-necrogenic doses of diethylnitrosamine (DEN), phenotypically altered hepatocytes and hepatocellular foci, staining positively for various marker enzymes, can be observed at very early time points (15,16). Promotion with 2-AAF alone (i.e. without concomitant regeneration or choline deficiency) strongly stimulates the outgrowth of such DEN-initiated, GGT- positive hepatocytes (17), yet no unusual oval cell proliferation is detected under these conditions. Both the altered hepatocytes (18-21) and the later-appearing nodules and carcinomas (22) are characterized by a largely diploid growth pattern, in contrast to the polyploidizing growth of normal liver tissue that causes the adult rat liver to be predominantly tetraploid. Rat liver tumours induced by a variety of carcinogenic regimens are predominantly diploid (23-26), indicating that reduced polyploidization is a frequent and characteristic feature of liver carcinogenesis. It has been hypothesized that diploid cells may be more prone to undergo mutations than polyploid cells and that they are more likely to retain a high growth potential, otherwise lost by irreversible polyploidization (18,22). Support for the latter assumption has been obtained from studies of benign rat liver nodules, the growth rates of which are inversely related to the degree of polyploidy (22) and from rat hepatocellular carcinomas, in which the proliferative activity of the various