Global Veterinaria 16 (5): 441-452, 2016 ISSN 1992-6197 © IDOSI Publications, 2016 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.gv.2016.16.05.103137 Corresponding Author: Nejash Abdela, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma Ethiopia. 441 Milk Fever and its Economic Consequences in Dairy Cows: A Review Wubishet Fikadu, Dechassa Tegegne, Nejash Abdela and Wahid M. Ahmed 1 1 1 2 School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 1 Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia P. O. Box. 307 Jimma, Ethiopia Department of Animal Reproduction and AI, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt 2 Abstract: Nutritional imbalances, deficiencies, or erratic management of feeding programs for dairy cows can create large numbers and various types of health problems generally categorized as metabolic diseases. High producing dairy cows are the most susceptible to metabolic diseases during the periparturient period. During this period the animal is tremendously challenged to maintain calcium homeostasis because of physiological and pathological factors. Those that fail can develop milk fever, a clinical disorder that is life threatening to the cow and predisposes the animal to a variety of other disorders. The aims of this manuscript were to review milk fever and its economic consequences in dairy cows. Milk fever (parturient paresis) is an important metabolic disorder of dairy cattle around the time of calving. Because of the high volume of milk produced during this time and subsequent demand for calcium, these cows often develop hypocalcaemia, or abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood. Since calcium is required for the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, affected animals will begin to experience muscle weakness. As this hypocalcaemia worsens, the cow will become too weak to stand and will eventually become comatose over a matter of hours. Parturient paresis is treated intravenously with calcium borogluconate. Affected cows have an excellent prognosis if treated early and properly. However, the worse the symptoms, the worse the prognosis tends to be. Any preventive measure must be aimed at regulating calcium haemostasis and eliminating the precipitous fall in blood calcium at parturition. For assessing economic losses caused by milk fever cost of medicines, cost of additional labour utilized, loss due to reduction in milk output cost of animal dead and culled as well as increased susceptibility of cows to other metabolic and infectious disease should be considered. Furthermore, as the dairy profitability is determined by the biological cycles of milk production and reproduction emphasis should be given on the nutritional management of dairy cows in the dry period as well as at parturition. Key words: Calcium Borogluconate Dairy Cows Milk Fever And Parturient Paresis INTRODUCTION reduction of productive life by 3.4 years and/or death if Milk fever (MF) is one of the most common hypocalcaemia becomes severe and results in paresis, mineral-related metabolic conditions affecting dairy cows recumbency and, occasionally, death [2]. at parturition, a disorder that occurs immediately after or About 50% of dairy cows in their second lactation close to calving as a result of a low level of calcium in the and greater have blood Ca concentrations that fall below blood (hypocalcaemia). A mild degree of hypocalcaemia the threshold for subclinical hypocalcemia after calving develops in the majority of cows during the peripartum [3]. This inadequate blood calcium concentration can period and has been linked to calving problems, cause a cow to lose the ability to rise to her feet as retained placenta, uterine prolapse, metritis, mastitis, calcium is necessary for nerve and muscle function. ruminal stasis, depression of the immune system and These results in the metabolic disease known as milk generally reduced reproductive performance, resulting in fever, although it is more properly termed hypocalcaemia left untreated [1]. In a small proportion of animals,