1 Equity in accessibility: moving from disparity to insufficiency analyses Karel Martens Matan E. Singer Aviv Lee Cohen-Zada This is the pre-publication version of: Martens, K., Singer, M. E., & Cohen-Zada, A. L. (2022). Equity in Accessibility: Moving From Disparity to Insufficiency Analyses. Journal of the American Planning Association, 1-16. doi:10.1080/01944363.2021.2016476 Introduction Over the past several decades, the research and practice of transport planning have been going through two slow, but profound, shifts in focus. The first is a shift from mobility to accessibility (Cervero, 2001; Handy, 2020); the second a shift from efficiency and aggregate outcomes to a concern for equity and disaggregate, group-specific, outcomes (Pereira & Karner, 2021; Martens, 2021). Both shifts are far from complete but hold enormous potential to reshape the practice of transport planning as well as policy priorities. The growing number of studies that map, analyze, and explain accessibility levels across metropolitan areas in the US and elsewhere are evidence of both these shifts. While initially most studies explored general patterns of accessibility, more recent studies analyze disparities in accessibility levels, with a particular concern for disadvantaged groups as defined along lines of income, race, or car ownership, among others (see Section ‘Equity analyses of disparities in accessibility’). In this paper, we argue that the shift from efficiency to equity is incomplete if it does not go beyond examining disparities. We present both theoretical arguments and empirical evidence that call into question the suitability of disparity analyses to determine whether accessibility patterns are equitable or not. While disparity analyses have been crucial in triggering the shift from efficiency to equity and can provide valuable input for debates about equity in transport, we argue that such analyses fail to answer the critical equity question whether all people enjoy a level of accessibility that allows full participation in society. Hence, we propose adopting a sufficiency approach to assess the equity of accessibility patterns. We start our argument with a brief review of disparity analyses in the academic literature and planning practice. We then critically discuss the problems embedded in