शोध पभा ISSN: 0974-8946 Shodha Prabha (UGC CARE Journal) Vol. 47, Issue. 01, No.14: 2022 Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Rashriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha Page | 49 STUDY ON EVOLUTION OF JOURNALISM IN KASHMIR *Bisma Mushtaq, Research Scholar, Sri Venkateshwar University Gajraula, UP ** Dr. Manish Kumar Jaisal, Head & Assistant Professor, ITM University Gwalior, MP, mjaisal2@gmail.com ABSTRACT National Media of India and Pakistan are affected by the state and thus see Kashmir as an issue of national distinction. Universally, the media has been weaponised by powerful, noticeable and imperceptible partners and has amassed the capacity to make, cover, spectacularise and propagandize thoughts according to their prerequisites, at key focuses on schedule, to consign memory, bringing about far and wide friendly, monetary, social and political ramifications. Thus, the media should be seen as the state's partner technique to implicitly constrain a group on important issues that influence them. This pliability accomplished by means of authoritative guideline couple with other secret powers settles in the media's capacity of an instrument utilized by systems to repeat the qualities and designs that assist with keeping up with class disparity and progression, empowering the solidification and development of power to apply command over the populace. On the utility and extension of such power in involved grounds, Mbembe sets, there is "an association between socio-political plans and the way of life of power created in the vanquished regions". This carefully custom-made remaking of reality through power and culture is commended to a dull exhibition for the populace where it is re-introduced in an alternate structure that doesn't challenge the foundation yet further digs in its authority The legal environment in which a newspaper organisation operates is a crucial factor in its success. Rules and regulations can hinder or enable the growth of a newspaper organisation. A free and empowering legal system will allow media to publish hard-hitting investigative reports and fulfill their function as watchdog of democratic society without fear of legal sanction, thus helping to make governments more accountable. Keywords: Evolution, Journalism, Kashmir INTRODUCTION “Liberty of the press consists in printing without any previous license subject to the consequences of law”— Lord Mansfield (Anastaplo, George & Berns, Laurence, 2005). The legal environment in which a newspaper organisation operates is a crucial factor in its success. Rules and regulations can hinder or enable the growth of a newspaper organisation. A free and empowering legal system will allow media to publish hard-hitting investigative reports and fulfill their function as watchdog of democratic society without fear of legal sanction, thus helping to make governments more accountable. According to Kumari (2008, p. 1) “It goes without saying that all other freedoms become irrelevant without freedom of the media because denial of this freedom means the strangling of democracy”. As a collective body, local newspaper organizations are most under threat in the regions of endemic conflict like Kashmir. Local newspaper organizations in Kashmir are often threatened, restrained from reporting on major issues and work under constant threat of legal action under various laws such as Public Safety Act, 1978; Law of Defamation; Contempt of Court Act; Official Secrets Act, 1923. Historical Evolution of Media Laws In India Mass Media Laws in India have a long history and are deeply rooted in the country’s colonial experience under British rule. Before India gained independence, there were laws enforced in the country to restrict the freedom of the Press. These laws were a response to the birth and growth of the Indian Press, beginning with the publications of the well-known Hickey’s Bengal Gazette.