BETH A. HENNESSEY
Special Issue on Connecting Theory, Research, and Practice in
the Psychology of Creativity
Creative Behavior, Motivation, Environment and
Culture: The Building of a Systems Model
ABSTRACT
With the exception of research examining the productivity of teams, the empirical
study of creativity was until recently almost exclusively focused at the level of the indi-
vidual creator. Investigators and theorists typically chose to decontextualize the creative
process and failed to include a consideration of anyone or anything beyond the person
doing the creating. The last decade has seen a long overdue proliferation of research
focused on the creative milieu and the myriad of environmental factors that impact
creators and serve to boost or inhibit their creativity of performance. In particular, the
increasing globalization of corporate, entrepreneurial, and educational environments has
underscored the need to take into consideration the impact of cultural forces. This article
chronicles the construction of a systems model of creativity designed to incorporate a
consideration of creative behavior at multiple levels of analysis. Over and above an exam-
ination of individual difference variables, the argument is made that creativity must be
explored at the “little-c” cultural level (e.g., the culture of the classroom or workplace),
at the societal level, and at the “Big-C” cultural level (i.e., culture writ large). An applica-
tion of this systems approach is made to classroom-based data collected in the U.S. and
Saudi Arabia.
Keywords: cultural psychology, creative mileu, decontextualization, “little-c” culture,
“Big-C” culture.
With the exception of research that examined the productivity of teams, the empirical
study of creativity was until fairly recently focused almost exclusively at the level of the
individual creator. Investigators and theorists typically chose to decontextualize creativity
and failed to include a consideration of anyone or anything beyond the person doing the
This article is part of a special issue on Connecting Theory, Research, and Practice in the Psychology of Creativ-
ity, guest edited by Ai Girl Tan. This special issue emerged after a symposium on Creativity chaired by Beth Hen-
nessey at the American Psychological Association Convention in year 2014 (Division 10).
194 The Journal of Creative Behavior, Vol. 49, Iss. 3, pp. 194–210 © 2015 by the Creative Education Foundation, Inc. Ó DOI: 10.1002/jocb.97