171
1. INTRODUCTION
Mechanical alloying is an interesting high energy process for the
preparation of a lot materials and specially amorphous alloys,
which can be applied as electrodes in electrochemical energy con-
version. Fuel cells, mainly direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) and
polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), are up to now
one of the most attractive areas of research because they represent
an important environmentally clean and friendly energy source [1-
5]. Worldwide interest in clean energy generation systems has
motivated research on the synthesis, characterization and evalua-
tion of novel and stable oxygen reduction electrocatalysts for the
direct four-electron transfer process to water formation [6-8]. In
electrocatalysis, the oxygen reduction reaction, ORR, is a kineti-
cally slow electrochemical reaction and it leads to higher reduction
overpotential, due to the fact that the oxygen-oxygen bond (O-O)
in the dioxygen molecule requires higher bond dissociation energy
than other molecules. One of the targets on the cathode electrode is
to reduce the platinum content in the PEM fuel cell, increasing or
maintaining the electrocatalytic performance with stability for a
long time. Bimetallic and alloy catalysts have been a particularly
active area of research because of the established fact that for the
cathode reaction, multi-metallic surfaces have superior activity
compared to pure platinum. The aim of this work is to investigate
the kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in 0.5M
H
2
SO
4
on Ni
59
Nb
40
Pt
0.6
Ru
0.4
(PtRu), Ni
59
Nb
40
Pt
0.6
Sn
0.4
(PtSn) and
Ni
59
Nb
40
Pt
0.6
Ru
0.2
Sn
0.2
(PtRuSn) amorphous catalysts synthesized
by mechanical milling following a procedure previously reported
[3,9-11]. The use of amorphous materials arises primarily because
of its corrosion resistance due to there is no grain boundary be-
tween the metallic elements. Studies have been reported showing
that alloy materials present catalytic activity towards ORR, where
amorphous catalysts were tested as carbon paste electrodes [9,10].
In this work ink-type thin-film electrodes were used and the elec-
trochemical studies were performed by cyclic voltammetry (CV)
and rotating disk electrode (RDE). After the electrochemical
analysis were carried out, the study of the prepared amorphous
alloys as cathodes electrocatalysts was performed in a membrane-
electrode assembly (MEA) of a single polymer electrolyte fuel
cell, as a complimentary part of this work.
*To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Email: rosgonzalez_h@yahoo.com.mx Phone: 57296000, ext. 55392
Amorphous Metallic Alloys for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in a
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell
R. Gonzalez-Huerta
1,*
, I. Guerra-Martinez
1
, J. Santiago Lopez
1
, A.R. Pierna
2
and O. Solorza-Feria
3
1
Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ESIQIE, Laboratorio de Electroquímica, UPALM, Ed.7, 07830, México D.F. Mexico
2
Chemical Engineering and Environment Department. University of the Basque Country, Plaza de Europa, 20018 San Sebastián. Spain
3
Depto. Quíımica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, A. Postal 14-740, 07360 México, D.F. Mexico
Received: November 20, 2009, Accepted: February 27, 2010
Abstract: Amorphous alloyed compounds have been used as electrode materials in electrochemical energy conversion devices. An inter-
esting and important goal for their applications in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is the optimization of the electrocatalysts load-
ing in the membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs). Kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on Ni
59
Nb
40
Pt
0.6
Ru
0.4
, Ni
59
Nb
40
Pt
0.6
Sn
0.4
and Ni
59
Nb
40
Pt
0.6
Ru
0.2
Sn
0.2
amorphous catalysts synthesized by mechanical milling were investigated in 0.5M H
2
SO
4
at 25°C. The electro-
catalytic activity of ink thin-film type electrodes evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and rotating disk electrode (RDE) showed that the
Ni
59
Nb
40
Pt
0.6
Sn
0.4
amorphous electrocatalyst was the most active from the three electrodes for the cathodic reaction. Fuel cell experiments
were conducted at various temperatures at 30 psi for H
2
and at 34 psi for O
2
. MEAs fabricated using Nafion
®
115 membrane and amor-
phous Ni
59
Nb
40
Pt
0.6
Sn
0.4
dispersed on carbon powder was tested as cathode electrocatalyst (1 mg cm
-2
) in a single polymer electrolyte
membrane fuel cell, generating a power density of 156 mW cm
-2
at 0.43V and 80°C.
Keywords: Amorphous alloy, Electrocatalyst, Oxygen reduction, Fuel Cell.
Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 13, 171-176 (2010)
© J. New Mat. Electrochem. Systems