CLINICAL ONCOLOGY AND RESEARCH | ISSN 2613-4942 Available online at www.sciencerepository.org Science Repository * Correspondence to: Dr. Nidhi Chauhan, Assistant Professor, Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University, 201313, Noida, India; E-mail: nchauhan1@amity.edu, nidhichauhan2007@rediffmail.com © 2021 Nidhi Chauhan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Hosting by Science Repository. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.COR.2021.06.02 Review Article Advancements and Future Predictions on Diagnostic Approaches towards Cervical Cancer through Nanotechnology-Based Sensors for the Detection of Human Papillomavirus Sakshi Pareek 1 , Utkarsh Jain 1 ,Mayukh Tikadar 1 , Prabhanshu Kumar 2 , Ramesh Namdeo Pudake 1 and Nidhi Chauhan 1* 1 Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India 2 Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India A R T I C L E I N F O Article history: Received: 15 May, 2021 Accepted: 1 June, 2021 Published: 30 July, 2021 Keywords: Biosensors nanotechnology human papillomavirus cervical cancer electrochemical biosensors A B S T R A C T Cervical cancer has the highest mortality rate worldwide. In the quest for reducing such a high mortality rate, advancements in diagnosis as well as treatment are being undertaken at various scales across the globe. With the recent advancements in the applications of nanotechnology, simple, rapid and inexpensive diagnostic methods for cervical cancer, i.e., human papillomavirus (HPV), especially high-risk oncogenic subtypes 16 and 18 have started to gain attention of health care practitioners. This review outlines the current applications of biosensors for the diagnosis of HPV, as compared to the conventional techniques for measuring HPV that have some limitations. The traditional methods used for cervix cancer are less sensitive, whereas nanotechnology has greatly improved the sensitivity. Due to cancer incidence and mortality growing rapidly worldwide, the prevalence and risk factors are also discussed in this review. © 2021 Nidhi Chauhan. Hosting by Science Repository. Introduction Cervical cancer growing in around 5,00,000 women each year globally has become a serious health issue. Due to no adequate detection methods available in underdeveloped or developing countries this cancer has led to serious increase in mortality and morbidity [1]. According to WHO, in 2018 cervical cancer worldwide number of new cases estimated were 570000 with 311000 approx death cases [2-4]. Thus, it is a health threat globally both for growing and industrialized countries [5, 6]. Approximately one-third of patients diagnosed with cervical cancer die because of recurrence or progression [7]. Cervical cancer develops very slowly and the transfer from precancerous to final cancer stages takes many years [8]. However, accurate early detection can vastly improve success rates of treatment [9]. There are two main categories of cervical cancer, the first being squamous cell carcinoma, which develops on the bottom of the cervix and is the most commonly occurring type. The other is adenocarcinoma, which occurs in glandular cells in the upper part of the cervix [10]. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a censorious pace in cervical cancer development. HPV is although virtually induced in each type of cervical cancers. This virus usually infects every population, but after 1-2 years, most infections are not detectable [11]. Continuous for long duration viruses are majorly associate to the development of cervical precancer. If not treated, approximately 30% of CIN3 (Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) leads to the progress of invasive cancer in the upcoming years to centuries [12]. Epithelial cells infected from high-risk human papillomaviruses are associated with cervical cancer [13]. A persistent infection by HPV can be developed by other factors like use of hormonal contraceptives, which can lead to cervical cancer in women [14]. According to International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 12 HPV types (HPV-16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58 and 59) are referred to as Group 1 human carcinogens and termed as high-risk HPV types [15]. High-risk HPV types have been identified to be associated with approximately 100% of cervical cancers and also its precursors, according to various large epidemiologic studies [16]. HPV is classified high-risk and low- risk groups based on risk estimates and functional evidence of oncogenic capacity [17]. Around 70% of cervical cancer worldwide occurs due to HPV types 16 and 18, persistent infections of which are associated with most precancer and cancer cells as shown in the (Figure 1) [18, 19]. The overall pervasiveness of high-risk HPV disease is 10.4% and it very well may be as high as 36.5% in some developing nations [20]. HPV infection