Polyandry and paternity affect disease resistance in eusocial wasps: support for the parasite–pathogen hypothesis Tatsuya Saga 1,2,3, * , Masaki Okuno 2# , Kevin J. Loope 4 , Koji Tsuchida 2 , Kako Ohbayashi 3 , Masakazu Shimada 3 , Yasukazu Okada 5 Affiliations: 1 Tajimi High School, 9-141 Tajimi, Gifu, Japan, 507-0804 2 Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Japan, 501-1193 3 Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of General Systems Studies, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 153-8902 4 Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA, 30461 5 Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan, 192-0364 # Current affiliation: National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2, Owashi, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki, Japan, 305-8634 Short running title: Polyandry and paternity affect disease resistance in eusocial wasps *Address and correspondence: 9-141 Tajimi, Gifu Japan, 507-0804 E-mail: tatsuya.saga@gmail.com . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. It is made available under a The copyright holder for this preprint (which was this version posted December 14, 2019. . https://doi.org/10.1101/869537 doi: bioRxiv preprint