CHAPTER 10 Sustainable engineering of food waste into high-quality animal feed using a drying technology Santhana Krishnan 1,2 , Nur Shahidah 1,5 , Mohd Fadhil Bin Md Din 1,5 , Puranjan Mishra 3 , Mohd Nasrullah 3 , Abudukeremu Kadier 4 , Shazwin Mat Taib 1,5 , Mohd Hafiz Bin Puteh 6 , Norahim bin Ibrahim 7 , Nurfarhain Md Rusli 1,5 , Fadzlin Md Sairan 1,5 and Lakhveer Singh 8 1 Department of Water and Environmental, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute of Sustainable Environment (RISE), School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Malaysia 2 PSU Energy Systems Research Institute, Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand 3 Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Pahang, Malaysia 4 Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, PR China 5 Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Malaysia 6 Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Malaysia 7 Department of Biosciences and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Malaysia 8 Department of Environmental Science, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India 10.1 Introduction Management of solid waste has become a serious concern as well as a major challenge for developing and developed countries throughout the world. The rate of waste generation is increasing every day due to the significant growth of the world population (Woon & Lo, 2013). Moreover, the increasing rate of waste generation may also be influenced by higher eco- nomic development and the rate of urbanization. It is estimated that by 2100, the amount of waste generation will be three times greater than the current amount (Villalba et al., 2002). In Malaysia, total estimated munici- pal solid waste (MSW) generation had increased from 1998 to 2010 which is 8 million tons per year and the amount is estimated to be nearly 10 mil- lion tons per year by 2020 (Johari et al., 2012). Due to the amount of waste that produces increases, it causes the capacity of solid waste to be dis- posed of increases and the space and lifespan of the landfill will be decreased 167 Techno-economics and Life Cycle Assessment of Bioreactors DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-89848-5.00001-9 © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.