Infrastructure development for alternative fuel vehicles on a highway road system Seong Wook Hwang, Sang Jin Kweon, Jose A. Ventura ⇑ The Harold and Inge Marcus Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA article info Article history: Received 13 October 2014 Received in revised form 13 January 2015 Accepted 13 February 2015 Available online 27 March 2015 Keywords: Refueling station location Alternative fuel vehicles Directed-transportation network 0–1 linear programming model abstract A new mathematical model for positioning alternative fuel (AF) refueling stations on directed-transportation networks with the objective of maximizing the coverage of path flow volume is proposed. This model is especially designed for developing an AF infrastruc- ture on toll roads and other highways, where vehicles do not need to exit the road network for refueling, some candidate station locations are not located at interchanges, and some stations may only service vehicles on one driving direction. The proposed model is applied to the Pennsylvania Turnpike System using the 2011 truck traffic data and considering different vehicle driving ranges. Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Over 164,000 miles of National Highway System (NHS) roadways, comprising the Interstate Highway System and other roads important to the nation’s economy and defense, are a central component of the U.S. ground logistics. Using NHS, trucks carried almost 69% of U.S. domestic freight movements in 2014 (McNally, 2014). In order to achieve fuel cost savings and environmental benefits in the freight transportation sector, the ground logistics industry has made significant efforts to tran- sition from traditional petroleum fuel (gasoline and diesel) trucks to alternative fuel (AF) trucks, which are powered by engi- nes that do not involve only gasoline or diesel. AF trucks are becoming a high priority for transportation companies, truck manufacturers, and also government institutions due to several factors, including environmental concerns, high oil prices, development of cleaner fuels, and advancement in power system technology. For example, United Parcel Service of North America, one of the major logistics companies in the world, has been researching trucks powered by electric motors and nat- ural gas engines since 1998 (UPS Pressroom, 2014). Various types of AF trucks are currently available. The first type includes battery-electric trucks. A battery-electric truck runs with an electric motor operated by a large and heavy battery pack. The limited battery capacity restricts the driving range of electric trucks between 100 and 200 miles, which is the main concern of transportation companies (Gallo and Tomic ´ , 2013). Hydrogen fueled trucks comprise another type of AF technology. In this category there are two kinds of trucks available in the market: hydrogen internal combustion engine (ICE) trucks and hydrogen fuel cell trucks (FCTs). Hydrogen ICE trucks burn hydrogen in the engine to produce mechanical energy, and hydrogen FCTs run their electric motor by react- ing hydrogen with oxygen in built-in fuel cells (Shukla et al., 2011). Both kinds of hydrogen fueled trucks are eco-friendly in that they produce near-zero harmful pollutants. Since hydrogen has a wide range of flammability, it needs to be stored in a large and safe tank, which causes an increase in truck price and a slight drop in fuel efficiency (Gillingham, 2007, Paster et al., http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2015.02.011 1366-5545/Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 (814) 865 3841; fax: +1 (814) 863 4745. E-mail address: jav1@psu.edu (J.A. Ventura). Transportation Research Part E 77 (2015) 170–183 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Transportation Research Part E journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tre