Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 21 (2020) 100310 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/segan Design an adaptive sliding mode controller for an advanced hybrid energy storage system in a wind dominated RAPS system based on PMSG Homayoun Kord, S. Masoud Barakati ∗ Electrical and Computer Department, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran article info Article history: Received 19 August 2019 Received in revised form 26 January 2020 Accepted 9 February 2020 Available online xxxx abstract Controlling of a standalone wind dominated system under variable load conditions and fluctuating wind is a challenging task. Energy storage systems (ESSs) can play a significant role in stabilizing voltage of such systems. In this paper, a nonlinear controller is designed for a remote area power supply (RAPS) system consisting of the wind turbine based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), a battery supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system (HESS) and variable local load connected to the DC bus. An adaptive sliding mode controller (SMC) as a nonlinear control method is designed to improve the stability and the performance of such standalone systems under high perturbations. Moreover, the battery and supercapacitor performances are modified by embedding a filter in the adaptive SMC and proportional–integral (PI) controller. Also, a robust fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is implemented to the power generation system to track the maximum power point from the wind. The simulation results of the system with adaptive SMC reveal the superiority of the proposed controller compared with PI in the three different ESS schemes. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction One of the applications of standalone wind energy systems is to supply electricity to distant areas, which is called wind dominated remote area power supply (RAPS) system. The im- portant components of these systems are wind turbine, control system, and energy storage system (ESS). The use of renewable energy sources or any other non-reversible source with limited bandwidth requires the use of an ESS to store and release energy, depending on the generator and load profiles. ESSs can improve the power control and energy management of the system during disturbances [1]. Moreover, wind turbine generator technology is an important factor for the design of the RAPS systems. Variable- speed wind turbine technologies are usually preferred to use in the standalone power-supply systems, because these types of turbines can provide better voltage and frequency regulations in comparison with the fix-speed generators. Doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) and permanent magnet synchronous genera- tors (PMSGs) are known as superior variable-speed wind turbine generator technologies. Although the size and technology of a wind turbine generator depends on various factors (such as max- imum load demand, financial incomes, wind profile data, reactive power capability, and low voltage ride-through capability), the ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: smbaraka@ece.usb.ac.ir (S.M. Barakati). DFIG based wind turbine systems are preferred for high power applications, while PMSG based wind turbine systems are suit- able for medium or low power applications. In addition, some issues related to design and operation of the RAPS systems are: maximum power extraction from the renewable energy sources, coordination between different system components, proper and precise adjustment of the power converters to operate correctly, power quality, and cost optimization of system operation and components. Also, low X/R ratios, low damping, and lack of re- active power support are the common characteristics of these systems which may cause unexpected voltage and frequency excursions outside the allowable limits. In [2], a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) consisting of battery and supercapacitor has been used in a standalone wind power system. Moreover, a corresponding control scheme has been proposed, which uses a moving average filter (MAF), instead of the conventional low-pass filter (LPF), for detecting the DC and AC components of the unbalanced power and conducting the DC components to the battery and AC components to the supercapacitor. But, the authors have modeled the imbalanced power between generator and load by a current source instead of the detailed system analysis. Power management strategies for a wind-dominated hybrid RAPS system are discussed in [3]. Their goal is to maximize power extraction from the wind generator under generation uncertainty. In [4], the main features of ESSs in wind power systems have been reviewed. A RAPS system https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2020.100310 2352-4677/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.