Nanodomain Size Distribution in Relaxor Ferroelectrics Determined from Temperature
Dependent Raman Scattering
Sanju Gupta
Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri-Columbia, 6th St. 303 EBW,
Columbia, MO, 65211-2300
ABSTRACT
Relaxors (PZN, in particular) is an important class of self-assembled nanostructure
composite ferroelectric oxides (or perovskite) materials. The interesting features associated with
the nanoregions/nanodomains required to describe these relaxors give rise to the most relevant
device related characteristics and peculiar physical properties in these materials. In addition, they
possess astronomical property coefficients by themselves or when modified with lead titanate
(PT) forming solid solution. In the past, we conducted temperature dependent Raman scattering
studies on solid solution (1-x)PZN-xPT relaxors single crystals with varying composition; x =
0.02 and 0.085. These studies were performed to obtain relevant information about
lattice/phonon dynamics for matching the application criteria such as electromechanical
actuators. We showed that the sharp structural phase transition occurs at or near 460 K which is a
first-order transition by fitting two spectroscopic variables in Raman spectra for one of the
representative bands occurring at 277 cm
-1
. Besides structural phase transition, polarization
mechanism for the unpoled (x = 0.02) and poled (x = 0.05) specimens is also investigated to
understand the polarization mechanism in relaxors using Raman spectroscopy. The difference in
the case of poled specimen is accounted for by the influence of residual electric field. Poling also
suggested an enhanced local ordering and the increase in the volume of the polar nano-regions.
In the present report, we attempted to determine the nanopolar region size and distribution using
the above mentioned temperature dependent Raman spectra. We discuss the most suitable
mathematical form of nanodomain size distribution for such inhomogeneous material is log-
normal and it is bimodal depending upon the temperature regime besides composition. These
studies helped to determine the size distribution of nanoscopic embodiments in relaxor
ferroelectrics using Raman spectroscopy as a function of temperature which is a dynamical
phenomenon.
I. INTRODUCTION
In the family of ferroelectrics a group of mixed and disordered “relaxors” have been
identified including several complex perovskites, such as PbMg
1/3
Nb
2/3
O
3
(PMN), PbSc
1/2
Ta
1/2
O
3
(PST) and so forth [1, 2]. Due to the effect of configurational or orientational disorder the
properties of relaxor ferroelectrics are very different from those of translationally invariant or
traditional ferroelectrics [3, 4]. Relaxors are functional materials with self-assembled
nanostructures (analogous to semiconductor quantum dots) [5] and are characterized by some of
the unusual features including: (a) the simultaneous existence of slow kinetics typical for spin
glasses with a very large dielectric constant indicating short- or intermediate-range polar order
on the nanometer length scale which can be transformed to true long-range order (i.e. to
macroscopic polarization) by a suitable change of composition and applying an external electric
field as well; (b) the existence of a frequency-dependent slim hysteresis loop even above the
Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 966 © 2007 Materials Research Society 0966-T11-01