Association of Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Subjects With Cardiovascular Risk Angélica Jiménez-Rosales, MSc, 1 * Araceli Amaya-Chávez, PhD, 1 María Victoria Domínguez García, PhD, 2 Eneida Camarillo-Romero, MSc, 2 Gerardo G. Huitrón Bravo, MSc, 2 and Abraham Majluf Cruz, PhD 3 Cardiovascular disease is originated in the vascular endothelium, which controls the homeostasis and the filtration and diffusion of molecules from blood to the tissues. The classical cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs) act directly on the endothelium through an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species, promoting an endothelial activation mediated by the expression of adhesion and proinflammatory molecules, which lead to endothelial dysfunction, the progression of the athero- sclerotic plaque, and the onset of cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to analyze the association of superoxide dismutase, catalase, gluthatione peroxidase, and lipoperoxidation with fibrinogen, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-a, and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 in subjects with cardiovascular risk (CVR) and CRF. This was a cross-sectional study of 114 individ- uals; oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, catalase, gluthatione peroxidase, and lipoperoxidation) and inflammatory (fibrinogen, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-a, and VCAM-1) biomarkers were measured; a CVR score (Framingham) and its CRF were taken into consideration to classify the participants. Twenty-nine subjects out of a total of 114 had high CVR. Smokers and subjects with diabetes (43 sub- jects) were excluded from the low CVR group. Significant decreases in lipoperoxidation, IL-6, and VCAM-1 and an increase in SOD were found in the high CVR group (P # 0.05). Individual analysis of each CRF in the 114 subjects revealed a different pattern in the biomarkers’ statistical differences. Concluding that the biomarkers show statistical differences in each CRF, especially IL-6, VCAM-1, and SOD; therefore, these are highly recommended to be used as biomarkers of the oxidative stress and inflammatory status in CVR. Keywords: cardiovascular risk, cardiovascular risk factors, oxidative stress, inflammation INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. One of the most important formulas for the prediction of CVD was developed by the Fra- mingham Heart Study collaborators. 1 CVD is origi- nated in the vascular endothelium, which controls the homeostasis and the filtration and diffusion of mol- ecules to the tissues. 2 The classical cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs) are age, diabetes mellitus (DM), arterial hypertension (AHT), and smoking; high levels of cholesterol, low- density lipoproteins, and triglycerides; and low levels of high-density lipoproteins. 3–5 These act directly 1 Departamento de Farmacia de la Facultad de Química, Universi- dad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEMex), Toluca, Mexico; 2 Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Médicas (CICMED), Uni- versidad Autónoma del Estado de Toluca, Toluca, Mexico; and 3 Unidad de Investigación Médica en Trombosis, Hemostasia y Aterogénesis, Hospital General Regional Dr. Carlos MacGregor Sánchez Navarro, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Distrito Federal, Mexico. Supported by Secretaría de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados of the UAEMex, project 2495/2007U. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. *Address for correspondence: Departamento de Farmacia de la Fac- ultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEMex), Paseo Colón Esq, Paseo Tollocan, Col, Residencial Colón, Toluca 50120, Mexico. E-mail: aamayac@uaemex.mx American Journal of Therapeutics 20, 422–431 (2013) 1075–2765 Ó 2013 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins www.americantherapeutics.com