A Knowledge-Model for AI-Driven
Tutoring Systems
Andreas Baumgart
a,1
and Amir Madany Mamlouk
b
a
Engineering and Computer Science, HAW Hamburg, Germany
b
Neuro- and Bioinformatics, University of Lübeck, Germany
Abstract. A powerful new complement to traditional synchronous teaching is
emerging: intelligent tutoring systems. The narrative: A learner interacts with a
digital agent. The agent reviews, selects and proposes individually tailored
educational resources and processes – i.e. a meaningful succession of instructions,
tests or groupwork. The aim is to make personal tutored learning the new norm in
higher education – especially in groups with heterogeneous educational
backgrounds. The challenge: Today, there are no suitable data that allow computer-
agents to learn how to take reasonable decisions. Available educational resources
cannot be addressed by a computer logic because up to now they have not been
tagged with machine-readable information at all or these have not been provided
uniformly. And what’s worse: there are no agreed conceptual and structured models
of what we understand by „learning“, how this model-to-be could be implemented
in a computer algorithm and what those explicit decisions are that a tutoring system
could take. So, a prerequisite for any future digital agent is to have a structured,
computer-accessible model of “knowledge”. This model is required to qualify and
quantify individual learning, to allow the association of resources as learning objects
and to provide a base to operationalize learning for AI-based agents. We will suggest
a conceptual model of “knowledge” based on a variant of Bloom’s taxonomy,
transfer this concept of cognitive learning objectives into an ontology and describe
an implementation into a web-based database application. The approach has been
employed to model the basics of abstract knowledge in engineering mechanics at
university-level. This paper addresses interdisciplinary aspects ranging from a
teaching methodology, the taxonomy of knowledge in cognitive science, over a
database-application for ontologies to an implementation of this model in a Grails
service. We aim to deliver this web-based ontology, its user-interfaces and APIs into
a research network that qualifies AI-based agents for competence-based tutoring.
Keywords. Competence-Based Learning, Knowledge Concept, Ontology, Web-
Service, Taxonomy of Knowledge, Web-Application
1. Introduction
Digital learning is seen as a new and promising approach in creating a more effective
and efficient teaching environment, in delivering higher returns on education. One line
of development has been to provide structural elements like educational resources and
courses online – many of them being freely accessible or openly licensed as in
HOOU [17] – or to provide environments for testing domain-specific knowledge – as in
MINTfit [22].
1
Corresponding Author .
Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XXXIII
M. Tropmann-Frick et al. (Eds.)
© 2021 The authors and IOS Press.
This article is published online with Open Access by IOS Press and distributed under the terms
of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0).
doi:10.3233/FAIA210474
1