138 ISSN 0097-8078, Water Resources, 2018, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 138–147. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2018. The Potential Use of Bali Wastewater for Crop Production Based on Moscow Region Experience 1 I Wayan Budiasa a, *, I Gusti Ngurah Santosa a , I Nyoman Sunarta a , I Ketut Suada a , I Nyoman Rai a , A. A. I. Ratna Dewi b , V. Dias c , S. Moyzhes d , and N. Shchegolkova e, ** a Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University, 80111 Bali-Indonesia b Indonesia Tourism Development Corporation, Nusa Dua, 80228 Bali-Indonesia c Independent Consultant, Portugal d Vodaco Ltd., Moscow, 127566 Russia e Institute of Water Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia *e-mail: wba.agr@unud.ac.id **e-mail: nshegolkova@mail.ru Received February 16, 2016 AbstractThe article offers a new approach to the selection of a treatment plant, based on the optimization of biogeochemical matter flows. The existing treatment facilities of Bali are analyzed. The authors propose several process schemes for domestic wastewater treatment, depending on the technology of utilization of biogenic elements from the wastewater for agricultural production. These are based on water treatment tech- nologies that have been in use in Moscow for more than 100 years. Keywords: domestic wastewater treatment, biogenic elements, agricultural production, new factors of water pollution, measures to reduce negative impact DOI: 10.1134/S0097807818010074 INTRODUCTION Domestic waste waters make up a large proportion of all waste water. Given the increasing scarcity of water resources, these waste waters have long been used by people. For example, waste water irrigation has long been known and is regulated by laws and reg- ulations [12]. The key point for the regulation of such use is to prevent the danger of bacterial infection [18]. There is an example of fish farming in wastewater pond in Java and describe the risks resulting from the use of sewage without treatment for fish farming in a review of using wastewater in agriculture and aquacul- ture [32]. However, all of these papers and documents considered a very narrow practical aspect of the prob- lem. While redistribution of nutrients from wastewater in a densely populated area or city (where a significant amount of water) becomes a separate scientific prob- lem [7]. This problem is considered in rare scientific studies, which appear currently in the different coun- tries [16, 27, 33] and in Russia as well [26]. This research approach is related to the understanding and forecasting of the biogeochemical processes in regions with rapidly growing population. Domestic sewage is the richest in nutrients. There are two basic approaches to the utilization of nutrients from wastewater in agriculture: (1) watering of crops by wastewater (including treated water); (2) the use of sewage sludge as a solid organic fertilizer. The Mos- cow region has been used both these approaches in different technical designs for more than hundred years [26, 28]. Since the late 19th century to the 1970s, Moscow fields of vegetable crops were irrigated by sewage (Lublino filtration field, 1899–1970; Lubertsy filtra- tion field, 1914–1975) [26]. In its turn, sewage sludge was used extensively in the 1970s–1980s [19], and its use was recommenced twenty years later [28]. The break in sewage sludge utilization was due to its high content of toxic metals. This was because wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) received industrial efflu- ents (with toxic metals). No industry in Bali deals with such contaminants now. Currently, the total volume of surface water and groundwater used for supply in Moscow Region is 3.32, compared to 3.77 km 3 /year ten years ago. Mos- cow City consumes about 4.2 million m 3 /day of water (including 0.07 million m 3 /day of groundwater). Mos- cow oblast consumes 3.1 million m 3 /day (including 2.8 million m 3 /day from groundwater sources). Thus, 1 The article is published in the original. WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECTS