Received: 9 March 2021 Accepted: 18 August 2021 DOI: 10.1002/csc2.20628 Crop Science ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE Crop Breeding & Genetics Multi-trait selection of bread wheat ideotypes for adaptation to early sown condition Md Farhad 1, 4 Shashi Bhushan Tripathi 1 Ravi Prakash Singh 2 Arun Kumar Joshi 3 Pradeep Kumar Bhati 3 Manish Kumar Vishwakarma 3 Suchismita Mondal 2 Anoop Anand Malik 1 Uttam Kumar 3 1 Dep. of Biotechnology, TERI School of Advanced Studies, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, India 2 CIMMYT, Carretera México-Veracruz Km. 45, El Batán, Texcoco, México C.P. 56237 3 Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), New Delhi 110012, India 4 Wheat Breeding Division, Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute (BWMRI), Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh Correspondence Uttam Kumar, Borlaug Institute for South Asia, New Delhi 11012, India. Email: u.kumar@cgiar.org Assigned to Associate Editor Paulo Teodoro. Abstract Genotypes developed for a particular mega-environment or management condition may not suit different management or specific local environments. Planting earlier than the recommended planting time is currently a new avenue to improve geno- typic performance, supporting horizontal yield increases in the region when winter is shortening. In India, wheat growers are looking at early planting because it can use residual soil moisture from monsoons and escape terminal heat stress. A best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP)-based multi-environmental stability analysis was conducted on three sets of genotypes across three consecutive years (2017, 2018, and 2019) under early and timely planting dates to identify genotypes for further breeding. A number of traits were studied: phenological (early ground cover, days to booting [DTB], days to heading, days to maturity [DAYSMT], boosting to heading days [BTH], and grain filling duration [GFD]), plant stature (plant height, height up to spike base, and spike length [SpkLng]), flag leaf (flag leaf length, flag leaf width, and flag leaf area [FLGLFA]), and yield traits (thousand grain weight [TGW] and grain yield). A significant genotypic effect was observed for all traits in the single environment analysis. A genotype–environment interaction (GEI) was observed in the mixed-effect model, except for FLGLFA in Season 2 and SpkLng in Season 3. Residual components of variation were found to increase under early planting for all studied traits due to exposure of genotypes to early heat and a prolonged growing period. A higher GEI was observed in dissected phenological events such as BTH and GFD. Among phenological traits, it was found that DTB, GFD, and DAYSMT were strongly supporting selection gain throughout all seasons under early planting. The genotypes with a more extended vegetative period and grain filling period tended to have higher grain yield and TGW under early planting. Abbreviations: BTH, booting to heading days; CIMMYT, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center; DAYSMT, days to maturity; DTB, days to booting; DTHD, days to heading; EGC, early ground cover; FA, factor analysis; FLGLFA, flag leaf area; GEI, genotype–environment interaction; GFD, grain filling duration; GRYLD, grain yield; MGIDI, multi-trait genotype–idiotype distance index; PH, plant height; SpkLng, spike length; TGW, thousand grain weight © 2021 The Authors. Crop Science © 2021 Crop Science Society of America Crop Science. 2021;1–16. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/csc2 1