Page 1 of 33 Chapter 5. Paquin & Howard‐Grenville Published as: Paquin, R. L., & Howard‐Grenville, J. 2009. Facilitating regional industrial symbiosis: Network growth in the UK’s National Industrial Symbiosis Programme. In F. A. Boons, & J. Howard‐Grenville (Eds.), The Social Embeddedness of Industrial Ecology. London, UK: Edward Elgar. 5. Facilitating Regional Industrial Symbiosis: Network Growth in the UK’s National Industrial Symbiosis Programme Raymond Paquin Jennifer Howard-Grenville INTRODUCTION In the years since the discovery of Kalundborg’s long-lived network of resource exchanges, industrial symbiosis, and its potential for reducing the environmental impact of industrial activity on a local or regional scale, has been the subject of intense interest. Industrial symbiosis is defined as the enlistment of geographically proximate facilities in the “physical exchange of materials, energy, water, and by-products” (Chertow, 2000: 314). While some industrial symbiosis occurs between firms that are closely co-located, such as those in the same industrial park (see Chapters 4 and 6), other efforts to develop industrial symbiosis are undertaken on regional geographic scales. This chapter considers regional-scale industrial symbiosis, and, in particular, the development of a network of industrial symbiosis facilitated by a single brokering organization It is now well documented that instances of self-emerging industrial symbiosis, similar to Kalundborg but often more modest in scale, are infrequently observed (see Chapter 6).On the other hand, efforts to create viable industrial symbiosis through the establishment of eco-industrial parks and other activities, have largely failed (See Chapter 4). In this chapter, we explore a ‘third way’ of establishing industrial symbiosis, the facilitation of a regional-scale industrial symbiosis network. We