106
Official Journal of the NIRSA Foundation
www.RSJ-Journal.com
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Recreational Sports Journal, 2013, 37, 106-122
© 2013 NIRSA Foundation
Anderson is with the Dept. of Kinesiology and Sport, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, IN.
Mowatt is with the Dept. of Recreation, Park, and Tourism Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.
Heterosexism in Campus Recreational
Club Sports: An Exploratory Investigation
Into Attitudes Toward Gay Men
and Lesbians
Austin R. Anderson and Rasul A. Mowatt
This study investigated attitudes toward gay men and lesbians among recreational
club sport participants, including an investigation of differences in attitudes across
sport clubs, team and individual sports, gender, and contact with gay men and
lesbians. This study used a modifed version of the Attitudes toward Lesbians
and Gay Men scale administered online to acquire overall attitudinal scores of
participants, as well as two parallel subscale scores. Utilizing MANOVA and
ANOVA statistical testing procedures, signifcant differences (p < .01) in attitudes
toward gay men and lesbians were found based on gender, contact with gay men
and lesbians, and among different recreational club sports. Signifcant statistical
differences (p < .01) between attitudinal subscale scores were also found across
demographic levels.
Keywords: diversity, homophobia, sexual identity, sport participation
The equitable distribution of sport and recreational opportunities focused
around differing measures of diversity has been examined throughout leisure
research concerning organized sport participation. Participation in organized sport
plays a signifcant role in modern American society by allowing a wide variety of
individuals to participate in physical activity at many levels, including university-
sponsored recreational sports programs. Due to the historically diverse range of
participants involved in these sporting activities, these environments have become
suitable grounds for investigation into inclusiveness toward participants on the
basis of demographic diversity, including sexual orientation.
The overriding purpose of recreational sports programs is to provide sporting
opportunities to a wide variety of participants from all levels of interest and skill
(Mull, Bayless, & Jamieson, 2005). To ensure that campus recreational sporting
programs fulfll this purpose on university campuses, administrators must work
to provide an environment that is open and accepting of the numerous forms of
diversity that are present in a modern university campus, including that of sexual