P PPPs and SDGs, the Missing Stakeholder Is Civil Society Raymond Saner CSEND, Geneva, Switzerland Synonyms Multistakeholder assessment of PPP alignment with SDG principles (transparency, inclusiveness, participation) Definition Implementation of SDG 17.17.1- effective public, private, and civil society partnerships, inclusive strategies of partnerships. Introduction: The Intentions of the 2030 Agenda Versus the Reality of SDG-PPP Partnership Implementation The UN General Assembly adopted a resolution called “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” on 25 September 2015. The resolution consists of 17 Goals and 169 Targets covering crucial areas of the global development agenda that countries have agreed to implement at the General Assembly meeting in New York. The 17 SDG goals are expected to be achieved in an integrated manner focusing at the same time on social, economic, and environmen- tal sustainability and be implemented in a trans- parent, inclusive, and participatory manner. In order to achieve these 17 goals, a very sub- stantial financial investment will be required. Early on at the start of the 2030 Agenda, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) estimated in its 2014 World Invest- ment Report (WIR) that approximately $4 trillion will be required every year in developing countries alone for the SDGs to be achieved by 2030. Given the current levels of investment in all SDG-related sectors by both public and private bodies, develop- ing countries face a funding gap of $2.5 trillion/ year (http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/ceci/d ocuments/2014/PPP_Newsletter/newsl etter_06_content_2_WEB.pdf). However, in view of the severe negative impact of the covid-19 pandemic, there is now already and will be in the near future a serious downturn of economic growth and most likely a related decrease of investment in SDG implemen- tation. As stated by the World Bank: Every region is subject to substantial growth down- grades. East Asia and the Pacific will grow by a scant 0.5%. South Asia will contract by 2.7%, Sub- Saharan Africa by 2.8%, Middle East and North Africa by 4.2%, Europe and Central Asia by 4.7%, and Latin America by 7.2%. These downturns are expected to reverse years of progress toward devel- opment goals and tip tens of millions of people back into extreme poverty. (Shertok 2020) © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 A. Farazmand (ed.), Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_4320-1