Evidence-Based Advances in Aquatic Animal Medicine Claire Vergneau-Grosset, med vet, IPSAV, CES, DACZM a , Sylvain Larrat, med vet, MSc, DES, DACZM b, * INTRODUCTION Piscine species are the most numerous and diverse group among vertebrates with more than 27,000 species. 1,2 Information derived from other vertebrates is usually not appropriate for the medical care of aquatic species. Although extrapolation may be possible among fish species, the reader should be aware that differences between 2 piscine species may be as great as between a cat and a rabbit. Hence, there is the need of species-specific evidence. Invertebrate aquatic species, included shrimps, snails, urchins, crabs, and corals, may be found in hobbyist aquaria and deserve the same level of medicine, whenever possible, as other animals. Evidence-Based Advances in Diagnosis Diagnostics tests available in aquatic animal medicine include blood tests, imaging, microbiology, and histopathology results. A recent article evaluated whether studies published between 2006 and 2012 about teleost diagnostic tests accuracy followed The authors have nothing to disclose. a Zoological Medicine Service, Aquarium du Que ´ bec, Faculte ´ de me ´ decine ve ´ te ´ rinaire, Univer- site ´ de Montre ´ al, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada; b Clinique Ve ´ te ´ rin- aire Benjamin Franklin, 38 Rue Du Danemark Za Porte Oce ´ ane 2, Brech/Auray 56400, France * Corresponding author. E-mail address: sylvainlarrat@yahoo.fr KEYWORDS  Aquatic  Evidence-based medicine  Fish  Scientific evidence KEY POINTS  Evidence-based medicine is in its infancy in aquatic animal medicine regarding diagnostic techniques, especially because environmental parameters may be confounding factors influencing reference intervals in clinical pathology.  Antiinfectious therapeutic agents have been studied extensively owing to commercial and ecological implications in aquaculture.  Emerging diseases are commonly described in aquatic animal medicine; new diseases favored by environmental changes should be differentiated from newly discovered diseases. Vet Clin Exot Anim 20 (2017) 839–856 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2017.04.003 vetexotic.theclinics.com 1094-9194/17/ª 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.