P Performance-Based Governance, Russia Alexander Kalgin 1 and Olga Minchenko 2 1 School of Public Administration, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia 2 Institute for Public Administration and Governance, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia Synonyms Government programs; Management by results; Performance budgeting; Performance indicators; Performance management; Strategic planning Definition Performance governance system to ensure that goals and objectives are being reached efficiently and effectively in budget limits terms. This system represents a combination of rules, principles, laws connected with actions, indicators, measurable target, and metrics. Performance Governance in the Russian Federation Early Attempts at Introducing Performance Management Performance governance in its modern shape in the Russian Federation dates back to 2004, when the government introduced so-called DRONDs (rus. Доклад о результатах и основных направленияхдеятельности (ДРОНД) – Report on Results and Main Activities (RRMA)). These reports aimed at establishing a link between bud- get items and objectives of regional and federal government agencies. The structure of the report corresponds with its title – it had a section on achieved results, a section on plans for the next 3 years, and a section with indicators linked to aims. The implementation of DRONDs was performed within the efforts to establish 3-year budget planning. According to an expert of the Ministry of Finance, who was in charge of the implementation of DRONDs, the very task of linking budget spending to outputs and outcomes was unheard of and required intensive communi- cation and capacity building at the regional level. Gradually, regional officials have “learned the language of targets and indicators” and have started preparing the reports and plans. The first 3-year federal budget was passed in 2008 and partially integrated the target-setting section of DRONDs. However, the implementation of this first per- formance management tool has not resulted in an # Springer International Publishing AG 2018 A. Farazmand (ed.), Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_3161-1