Multi-locus plastid phylogenetic biogeography supports the Asian hypothesis of the temperate woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) q Xian-Zhi Zhang a,b,d , Chun-Xia Zeng b , Peng-Fei Ma a,b , Thomas Haevermans c , Yu-Xiao Zhang a,b , Li-Na Zhang a,b,d , Zhen-Hua Guo b,⇑ , De-Zhu Li a,b,⇑ a Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China b Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China c Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité ISYEB, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7205, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Muséum national d’histoire naturelle/École Pratique des Hautes Études/Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 Rue Cuvier, CP39, F-75231 Paris cedex 05, France d Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China article info Article history: Received 19 June 2015 Revised 22 November 2015 Accepted 26 November 2015 Available online 23 December 2015 Keywords: Arundinarieae Biogeography Multi-locus plastid phylogeny Divergence time Rapid radiation Bambusoideae abstract In this paper we investigate the biogeography of the temperate woody bamboos (Arundinarieae) using a densely-sampled phylogenetic tree of Bambusoideae based on six plastid DNA loci, which corroborates the previously discovered 12 lineages (I–XII) and places Kuruna as sister to the Chimonocalamus clade. Biogeographic analyses revealed that the Arundinarieae diversified from an estimated 12 to 14 Mya, and this was followed by rapid radiation within the lineages, particularly lineages IV, V and VI, starting from c. 7–8 Mya. It is suggested that the late Miocene intensification of East Asian monsoon may have contributed to this burst of diversification. The possibilities of the extant Sri Lankan and African temper- ate bamboo lineages representing ‘basal elements’ could be excluded, indicating that there is no evidence to support the Indian or African route for migration of temperate bamboo ancestors to Asia. Radiations from eastern Asia to Africa, Sri Lanka, and to North America all are likely to have occurred during the Pliocene, to form the disjunct distribution of Arundinarieae we observe today. The two African lineages are inferred as being derived independently from Asian ancestors, either by overland migrations or long- distance dispersals. Beringian migration may explain the eastern Asian–eastern North American disjunction. Ó 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction The bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) are popularly known for their universal uses in human life, their adaptation to shady for- ests, as well as being the exclusive staple food for the giant pandas (Judziewicz et al., 1999; Li, 1999) and for some Madagascan lemur species (Bystriakova et al., 2004). The most recent studies based on plastid genomes and nuclear genes strongly support Bambusoideae as sister to Pooideae in the Poaceae ‘BEP clade’ (Zhang et al., 2011; Wu and Ge, 2012; Zhao et al., 2013). The Arundinarieae, i.e., tem- perate woody bamboos, is one of three well-supported Bambu- soideae tribes, with the other two namely the Bambuseae (tropical woody bamboos) and the Olyreae (herbaceous bamboos) (BPG, 2012). Tribe Arundinarieae, containing about 28 genera and 530 species, is highly heterogeneous in terms of morphology with 12 major lineages (Triplett and Clark, 2010; Zeng et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2013; Attigala et al., 2014). Tribe Bambuseae is divided into two lineages, namely the paleotropical and the neotropical woody bamboos, with the former group possessing four subtribes, c. 47 genera, 400 species and the latter three subtribes, c. 19 genera, and 370 species (Sungkaew et al., 2009; Kelchner and BPG, 2013), while the Olyreae consists of three subtribes with c. 21 genera and 120 species (BPG, 2012). Extant bamboos display a markedly disjunct distribution partic- ularly at the generic levels, occurring in every continent except Europe and Antarctica (Fig. 1, modified from Ohrnberger, 1999). The biogeographic patterns exhibited by the Arundinarieae is of particular interest: more than 510 species are distributed in east- ern and southeastern Asia (Li et al., 2006; BPG, 2012), around 20 in the Afro-Indian area (Sri Lanka, southern India, Africa and Madagascar) (Ohrnberger, 1999), and only three species in eastern North America (Triplett and Clark, 2010). Bambuseae displays a http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.11.025 1055-7903/Ó 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. q This paper was edited by the Associate Editor Wang Xiao-Quan. ⇑ Corresponding authors at: Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China. E-mail addresses: guozhenhua@mail.kib.ac.cn (Z.-H. Guo), dzl@mail.kib.ac.cn (D.-Z. Li). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 96 (2016) 118–129 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev