eISSN: 2672-7226
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Journal of Sustainability Science and Management
Volume 16 Number 4, April 2021: 128-143
COMMUNITY RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS SURVEY AMONG RESIDENTS IN
CLOSE PROXIMITY TO A LANDFILL IN A TROPICAL RURAL AREA
WIDAD FADHULLAH*
1,2
, NUR FAKHIRA AIDA JAFRI
1
, MOHD HAFIIDZ JAAFAR
2
AND
HASMAH ABDULLAH
1
1
Environmental and Occupational Health Program, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
2
School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM
Penang, Malaysia.
*Corresponding author: widad@usm.my
Submitted fnal draft: 29 April 2020 Accepted: 25 June 2020
Introduction
Sustainable solid waste management requires
consideration of social, health, environmental
and economic aspects (Al-Khatib et al., 2015). A
holistic approach integrating all of these factors
should be in place to achieve the sustainable
development goals by ensuring access for all
to adequate, safe and affordable solid waste
collection services, to stop uncontrolled dumping
and open burning and to achieve sustainable
and environmentally sound management of all
wastes by 2030 (Ferronato & Torreta, 2019).
Among these factors, pollution and related health
effects have the highest concern of the public on
the existence of landfll (Al-Khatib et al., 2015).
Landfll or open dumping are piled with
unattended wastes exposed to physical, chemical
and biological processes simultaneously
accelerating the waste decomposition together
with the generation of leachate and landfll
gases (Oketola & Akpotu, 2015). Methane,
hydrogen sulphide and ammonia are major air
pollutants generated from a landfll which can be
exposed to the public via inhalation of airborne
emissions, dust or windblown particles from
uncontrolled municipal solid waste (MSW) and
open dumping (Vrijheid et al., 2002). Emissions
of volatile organic compounds mainly, benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) from
municipal solid waste dumpsites (Klett et al.,
2005) may also affect the respiratory system
Abstract: Controlled dumpsite without any liner, leachate treatment and engineered
measures can emit landfll gases and hazardous air pollutants to the surrounding
environment. This study was conducted to investigate self-reported respiratory symptoms
among residents living within 2 km radius of Beris Lalang Landfll, Bachok, Kelantan.
A total of 218 respondents aged between 18 and 65 years old were involved in this
cross-sectional study from January to March 2019. The questionnaires were adopted from
the St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire and opted for the symptom score approach.
Majority of the respondents were females (64.7 percent), non-smokers (85.3 percent),
Malay (94.0 percent) and received tertiary education (43.6 percent).
Respondents were reported to have higher proportions of sneezing, runny or blocked
noses (35.8 percent) and coughing attack (36.7 percent) compared to the other respiratory
symptoms. Associations were reported between respiratory symptoms with gender and
exposure to tobacco smoke. Weak signifcant correlations were found between symptoms
score with age of respondents and duration of living in the current home (p<0.05). This
fnding implied that proximity to dumpsites did not affect the respiratory symptoms of the
communities living within 2 km radius of the dumpsite.
This study provides initial evidence about reported symptoms in populations living
near to a landfll as a baseline for future epidemiologic assessments towards sustainable
health management.
Keywords: Landfll, respiratory symptoms, waste dumpsite, environmental health,
sustainable solid waste management.
http://doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2021.04.011