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Measurement
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/measurement
Effect of Bi
2
O
3
addition on the ultrasonic properties of pentaternary borate
glasses
R. El-Mallawany
a
, H.A. Afifi
b
, M. El-Gazery
b,
⁎
, A.A. Ali
c
a
Phys. Dept., Fac. of Sci., Monoufia University, Egypt
b
National Institute of Standards, Ultrasonic Dep. El-Haram, Giza, Egypt
c
Glass Res. Dept., National Res. Centre, Dokki 12622, Cairo, Egypt
ARTICLE INFO
Keywords:
Ultrasonic velocities
Elastic moduli
Crosslink density
Microhardness and Debye temperature
ABSTRACT
The effects of addition of Bi
2
O
3
to borate glasses in a series of (75-x) B
2
O
3
-xBi
2
O
3
-10Na
2
O-10CaO-5Al
2
O
3
have
been studied through the ultrasonic properties of the glasses. The ultrasonic wave velocities (longitudinal, V
L
and shear, V
S
) were measured at 4 MHz using ultrasonic pulse echo method. Longitudinal L, shear G, bulk K,
Yong's E moduli, Poisson's ratio σ, Microhardness (H), softening temperature (T
s
) and Debye temperature (θ
D
)
were measured. Quantitative analysis of the experimental data has been carried based on the bond compression
and Makishima-Mackenzie models.
1. Introduction
Mechanical properties by using ultrasonic techniques of solid ma-
terials have gained considerable interest due to their applications in
science and technology. Elastic moduli, Debye temperature, Poisson’s
ratio and microhardness measurements are useful for understanding the
coordination changes in materials [1–5]. Bulk modulus – volume rela-
tion has been studied to explain the coordination changes in glass
network [1–3]. Debye temperature and Poisson's ratio data give ex-
cellent information about cross-link density [4,5].
Borate glasses doped with another glass forming oxide have wide
applications in the field of electronic industry due to their higher
conductivity, thermal resistivity and other related properties [6,7].
Structural and coordination changes in bismuth-borate glasses have
already been studied and investigated [8]. Optical properties of borate
glasses and the effect of addition of CuO, PbO, SrO and Y
2
O
3
have been
measured and discussed [9–12]. Previously, FTIR, UV spectra, optical
energy band gap, Urbach’s energy and refractive index have been
measured on a series of (75-x) B
2
O
3
-xBi
2
O
3
-10Na
2
O-10CaO-5Al
2
O
3
glasses [13].
The present study is to report the effect of addition of Bi
2
O
3
on the
ultrasonic wave velocities of (75-x) B
2
O
3
-xBi
2
O
3
-10Na
2
O-10CaO-
5Al
2
O
3
glasses. Also, to calculate the experimental longitudinal L, shear
G, bulk K, Yong's E moduli, Poisson's ratio σ, Microhardness H, soft-
ening temperature T
s
and Debye temperature θ
D
. The experimental
results will be interpreted according to Makishima-Mackenzie and bond
compressional models.
2. Experimental procedures
Borate glass series in the form (75-x)B
2
O
3
-xBi
2
O
3
-10Na
2
O-10CaO-
5Al
2
O
3
(where x = 0, 5, 10,15, 20 and 25 mol.%) were prepared using
reagent grade H
3
BO
3
, Na
2
CO
3
, CaCO
3
Al
2
O
3
and Bi
2
O
3
as starting
materials as mentioned in the first part of this study [13] with amor-
phous state confirmation. Glass density was determined by using Au-
tomatic Gas Pycnometers for true density, Ultrapyc 1200e, and appa-
ratus with helium gas and the molar volume V
M
(cm
3
) was calculated
by using the next equation,
= V M/ρ
M g (1)
where M
g
is the molecular weight of the glass and ρ is the density of
the glass.
The ultrasonic velocities measurements were performed at 4 MHz
for both shear and longitudinal transducers at room temperature
(22 ± 2 °C) using pulse echo technique as explained before [14–20].
The time difference between the first two echoes (t
1
and t
2
) was used to
calculate the ultrasonic velocities (v
L
and v
S
) using Eq. (2).
=
−
v
x
t t
2
2 1
(2)
where x = thickness of the sample. The ultrasoic velocities were re-
peated five times with accuracies V
L
± 9 m/s and V
S
± 11 m/s.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2017.11.028
Received 22 June 2017; Received in revised form 13 October 2017; Accepted 13 November 2017
⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: raoufelmallawany@yahoo.com (R. El-Mallawany), hmafifi@hotmail.com (H.A. Afifi), elgazery@aol.com (M. El-Gazery), ali_nrc@hotmail.com (A.A. Ali).
Measurement 116 (2018) 314–317
Available online 14 November 2017
0263-2241/ © 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
T