Can multifunctional livelihoods including recreational ecosystem services (RES) and non timber forest products (NTFP) maintain biodiverse forests in the Brazilian Amazon? Sónia M. Carvalho Ribeiro a,⇑ , Britaldo Soares Filho a , William Leles Costa b , Laura Bachi c , Amanda Ribeiro de Oliveira b , Patricia Bilotta d , Allaoua Saadi e , Elaine Lopes c , Tim O’Riordan f , Humberto Lôbo Pennacchio g , Lúcio Queiroz h , Susanna Hecht i , Raoni Rajão j , Ubirajara Oliveira k , Carlos Cioce Sampaio l a Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Cartografia, Centro de Sensoriamento Remoto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Análise e Modelagem Sistemas Ambientais, Instituto de Geociências, Belo Horizonte, Brazil b Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Centro de Sensoriamento Remoto, Instituto de Geociências, Belo Horizonte, Brazil c Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Análise e Modelagem Sistemas Ambientais, Instituto de Geociências, Belo Horizonte, Brazil d Universidade Positivo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gestão Ambiental, Curitiba, Brazil e Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Geografia, Instituto de Geociências, Belo Horizonte, Brazil f University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences Norwich, UK g Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento CONAB, Brasilia, Brazil h Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil i The Graduate Institute Geneva, Graduate Institute of International Development Studies, Genève, Switzerland j Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola Engenharia, Belo Horizonte, Brazil k Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Centro de Sensoriamento Remoto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Análise e Modelagem Sistemas Ambientais, Instituto Geociências, Belo Horizonte, Brazil l Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional, Blumenau, Brasil; Universidade Positivo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gestão Ambiental, Curitiba, Brazil article info Article history: Received 30 June 2017 Received in revised form 17 March 2018 Accepted 20 March 2018 Available online xxxx Keywords: Community based tourism Extractivist landscapes Non timber forest products Ecosystem services mapping Sustainable livelihood valuation Brazilian Amazon abstract In this paper we use large scale spatially explicit modelling and case study based analyses to assess the links between recreational ecosystem services and the benefits for wellbeing of traditional livelihoods in the Brazilian Amazon. Our results show that, at the scale of the Brazilian Amazon, associations between recreational ecosystem services and extractivist activities of Brazil nut and rubber are very weak with no significant differences regarding Brazil nut (p = 0.61) and rubber (p = 0.41) income across the different tourism development classes. However, qualitative analysis of the case studies reveals that where there are multifunctional livelihoods, recreational ecosystem services are indeed helping to enhance non tim- ber forest product extractivist social values that otherwise would be suppressed by prevailing ‘‘cattle ranching” lifestyles. We therefore support innovative ways to make both recreational ecosystem services and non timber forest products extraction not merely a juxtaposition of activities, but integrated into multifunctional livelihoods. Ó 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. 1. Introduction Although there has been considerable effort to map and value ecosystem services from the Amazon, such as carbon, biodiversity, and water regulation services, the contribution of recreational ecosystems services (RES) has not received so much attention (Balvanera et al., 2012). There is, however, a widespread belief that carefully planned RES, if related to the natural, cultural and social significance of Amazon forests, are indeed important both for those https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.03.016 2212-0416/Ó 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. ⇑ Corresponding author at: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Cartografia, Centro de Sensoriamento Remoto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Análise e Modelagem Sistemas Ambientais, Instituto de Geociências, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte - MG Brazil, CEP 31270-900, Brazil. Tel.: +55 31 3409 5449; fax: +55 31 3409 5410. E-mail addresses: soniacarvalhoribeiro@cart.igc.ufmg.br, Sonia.carvalhoribeiro@ gmail.com (S.M. Carvalho Ribeiro). Ecosystem Services xxx (2018) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ecosystem Services journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecoser Please cite this article in press as: Carvalho Ribeiro, S.M., et al. Can multifunctional livelihoods including recreational ecosystem services (RES) and non timber forest products (NTFP) maintain biodiverse forests in the Brazilian Amazon? Ecosystem Services (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ecoser.2018.03.016