Factivity and two types of embedded clauses in Washo ∗ Emily Hanink & Ryan Bochnak University of Chicago, Universit¨ at Konstanz 1. Introduction This paper contributes novel data from Washo, a highly endangered Hokan/isolate language spoken around Lake Tahoe in the United States, to the literature on the embedding strategies of attitude predicates. In particular, it has been widely shown through a range of studies that factive and non-factive predicates behave differently with respect to how they embed their complements (Kiparsky & Kiparsky 1970; Zubizarreta 1982; Adams 1985; Rooryck 1992; Abrus´ an 2011, 2014; i.a.). Building on this line of inquiry, Kastner (2015) argues in recent work that these behaviors are explained by selectional differences. According to Kastner, factive complements are selected for by either a covert or overt D head before composing with the factive predicate itself, while non-factive complements lack a DP-layer and are selected directly by the matrix verb. We provide novel evidence for a proposal along these lines from the behavior of em- bedded clauses in Washo. In Washo, factive complements are formed through clausal nom- inalization by the overt D head -gi/ge, as shown in (1). 1 (1) [ DP [ CP ∅-h´ a:biP-i-ˇ s]-ge] 3-rain-SR- REL l-´ ı:gi-yi 1-see-IND ‘I saw that it rained.’ ∗ We would like to thank Adele James and the late Ramona Dick for the Washo data here. We also thank Karlos Arregi, Julian Grove, Itamar Francez, Itamar Kastner, Jason Merchant, and the audiences at NELS 47 and LSA 91 for their helpful discussion of this project. This work was partially funded by awards to Emily Hanink from the Rella Cohn Research Funds from the University of Chicago and The Jacobs Funds of the Whatcom Museum in Washington. 1 Glossing: ATTRibutive; CAUSative; DEPendent mood; INCHoative; INDependent mood; INT. FUT: inter- mediate future; NEGation; NMLZR: nominalizer; REFLexive; RESTrictive; SR: switch reference; REC. PST: recent past; RELative marker. The orthography adopted is from Jacobsen-Jr. (1964); symbols deviating from the IPA are: L: [l ˚ ]; M: [m ˚ ];ˇ s: [S]; y: [j]. Unless otherwise noted, data come from field work conducted by the authors.