ORIGINAL REPORTS Education Improves Musculoskeletal Radiology Interpretation by Trainees in a Low-Resource Setting Aditya V. Karhade, BE,* Rameez A. Qudsi, MD, MPH, † Andrew O. Usoro, MD, ‡ Christina Barau Dejean, MD, x and George S.M. Dyer, MD ‡,{ * Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; † Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nemours A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware; ‡ Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Residency Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; § Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hopital Universitaire La Paix, Port- au-Prince, Haiti; and ¶ Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to assess base- line musculoskeletal radiology knowledge among Hai- tian orthopedists and to determine the impact of an adult and pediatric musculoskeletal radiology lecture series. DESIGN: Participants were given lectures reviewing nor- mal and abnormal elbow radiographs and received assessments before and after the intervention. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify factors associated with baseline and postintervention scores. SETTING: This study was carried out as part of the 2018 Haitian Annual Assembly of Orthopaedic Trauma. This is an annual continuing medical educational conference in the capital city of Port-au-Prince open to all Haitian orthopedic surgeons and associated care providers, with a strong focus on resident training. PARTICIPANTS: Haitian orthopedic surgery residents and surgeons attending the 2018 Haitian Annual Assem- bly of Orthopaedic Trauma. RESULTS: Thirty-seven residents and faculty consented to participate in this study and 32 (86.5%) were male with a median age of 33 (interquartile rage: 30-35). On multivariate analysis controlling for the title (resident versus attending), total years of orthopedics (beginning of residency and beyond), and formal radiology teaching in medical school or residency, conference attendance in the past was significantly associated with higher pre- intervention assessment scores (odds ratio = 1.24, 95% confidence interval = 1.06-1.44, p = 0.010]. The mean total preintervention accuracy for correctly identifica- tion of pathology, if present, was 70% compared to 83% at the postassessment (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this study demonstrates that a brief lecture series at a continuing medical conference in Port-au-Prince, Haiti improved upper extremity radio- graphic interpretation based on pre and postassess- ments, and that prior conference attendance may be associated with higher baseline scores. (J Surg Ed 000:17. Ó 2019 Association of Program Directors in Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.) ABBREVIATIONS: CME, continuing medical education; HAAOT, Haitian Annual Assembly for Orthopedic Trauma; MSK, musculoskeletal KEY WORDS: Global surgery, Haiti, orthopedic surgery, radiology, residency, surgical education COMPETENCIES: Medical Knowledge, Practice-Based Learning and Improvement, Patient Care INTRODUCTION Musculoskeletal (MSK) imaging is critical to orthopedic education. 1-5 The United States adopted standardized national radiology education only as recently as 2005. 6 In contrast, low-middle income countries may suffer Disclosures: The HAAOT (setting for this study) was funded in part by a grant from the Foundation of Orthopaedic Trauma. Conference travel for RAQ and CJM funded in part by a grant from the Boston Children’s Hospital Global Health Program. The authors have no further disclosures. Ethical statement: This study was exempted from human subjects’ research review by our institutional review board. Correspondence: Inquiries to Aditya V. Karhade, BE, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115; e-mail: Aditya.v.karhade@gmail.com 1 Journal of Surgical Education  1931-7204/$30.00 © 2019 Association of Program Directors in Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2019.06.001 ARTICLE IN PRESS