Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Resources, Conservation & Recycling journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/resconrec An ANP-based approach for lean and green performance assessment Luana Marques Souza Farias, Luciano Costa Santos ⁎ , Cláudia Fabiana Gohr, Lenilson Olinto Rocha Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção, João Pessoa, Brazil ARTICLEINFO Keywords: Lean manufacturing Green manufacturing Analytic network process Assessment ABSTRACT Simultaneous application of lean and green practices requires adequate methods to evaluate the contribution andeffectsofbothparadigmsonorganizationalperformance.Thus,theobjectiveofthisstudyistodevelopan integrated approach to evaluate the impacts of lean and green practices on organizational performance and prioritize improvements in the system. To this end, this research used the Analytic Network Process (ANP) for theoperationalizationofthetheoreticalframeworkandtesteditthroughanapplicationinafootwearcompany. Byapplyingtheassessmentapproach,itwaspossibletoevaluatetheleanandgreensystemsindividuallyandin an integrated way through the lean-green index, a performance measure developed specifically for this work. Fromamanagerialperspective,thisresearchprovidedatoolthatenablescompaniestoevaluatetheirleanand green systems and identify which practices should be prioritized to improve operational and environmental performance. 1. Introduction Companies from different industries have adopted the lean manu- facturing approach, which allows better utilization of productive re- sourcesandsubstantialwastereduction(Womacketal.,1990; Jastiand Kodali, 2015). However, besides improving the use of productive re- sources,itisimportantthatanorganizationmakedecisionstoimprove theuseofnaturalresourcesaswell,avoidingwasteandminimizingthe negative impacts of manufacturing activities. In order to support such decisions,thegreenmanufacturingapproachemergesasamanagement paradigm that applies tools and techniques to reduce waste and mini- mize the environmental impact of manufacturing processes, ensuring improved pollution control and reduction of consumption of natural resources (Garza-Reyes, 2015; Gandhietal.,2018). Althoughthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenleanandgreenisa recenttheme(Calderaetal.,2017; Zhanetal.,2018),ithasbeenfound in the literature that the interest in the joint implementation of both paradigms has increased significantly (Prasad et al., 2016; Chugani et al., 2017). This trend is justified by the fact that both seek waste reduction and continuous improvement (Dües et al., 2013; Chugani etal.,2017).However,whiletheinteractionsbetweenbothapproaches stand out, Chaplin and O’Rourke (2018) and Hallam and Contreras (2016) emphasize that lean and green are still seen as separate func- tionswithinorganizations.Inordertoobtainthebenefitsofintegration, LeónandCalvo-Amodio(2017) defendthesystemicimplementationof lean and green practices. The systemic implementation, therefore, re- quiresadequatemetricstoevaluatethecontributionandeffectsofboth paradigms on organizational performance. In the case of lean and green performance assessment, the sys- tematic literature review conducted by Garza-Reyes (2015) indicated that most assessment methods were designed for supply chains, and only the method developed by Verrier et al. (2014) was tested in manufacturing. In addition to this, León and Calvo-Amodio (2017) emphasized that the effects of lean and green practices on organiza- tionalperformancehavebeenneglectedintheliterature.Oneofthefew studies with this purpose was conducted by Thanki et al. (2016),who evaluated the influence of lean and green practices on organizational performance criteria. However, in spite of their contribution, the au- thors did not consider interrelationships between lean and green practices. Aware of this gap, Thanki et al. (2016) suggested the use of the Analytic Network Process (ANP) as a way to include interrelation- shipsbetweenpracticesinleanandgreenassessment.Theinclusionof interdependencies between practices in the assessment process re- cognizes the systemic nature of it and addresses the appeal of the current literature for greater integration between lean and green (Hallam and Contreras, 2016; León and Calvo-Amodio, 2017; Chaplin and O’Rourke, 2018). Consideringthedemandforresearchonthissubject,thisstudyaims https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.12.004 Received30July2018;Receivedinrevisedform18October2018;Accepted6December2018 ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: luanamarques.sf@hotmail.com (L.M.S. Farias), luciano@ct.ufpb.br (L.C. Santos), claudiagohr@ct.ufpb.br (C.F. Gohr), lenilson3000@hotmail.com (L.O. Rocha). Resources, Conservation & Recycling 143 (2019) 77–89 0921-3449/ © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. T