Hmong women’s rights and the Communist Party of Thailand Ian Baird and Urai Yangcheepsutjarit Between 1967 and 1969, thousands of Hmong in northern Thailand became aligned with the Communist Party of Thailand (CPT) and resided in mountainous strong- holds near the border with Laos in Chiang Rai, Phayao, Nan, Phetchabun, and Phitsanulok provinces, and in Tak province near the border with Burma. They stayed in these strongholds until the early 1980s, when the CPT fell apart. During the CPT period, some important transformations in Hmong gender relations occurred, espe- cially relative to the traditional strongly male-dominated society. We describe the most important changes, as reported by Hmong women. The legacy of the CPT period remains today. However, there has been some reversion to pre-CPT patriarchal prac- tices. Some Hmong women feel nostalgic about the rights they enjoyed during the CPT period, although the leadership of the CPT was male dominated, and despite the fact that some progress has been made, for example, in convincing clan leaders to allow divorced women to return to their birth clans. This study applies a feminist geography and social memory theoretical framework to examine Hmong women’s life stories about their time with the CPT. Beginning in the early 1960s, life for the Hmong living in the mountains in nor- thern Thailand—especially near the border with Laos, and in Tak province adjacent to the border with Burma—changed dramatically after the Communist Party of Thailand (CPT) gained influence and started sending agents to recruit in Hmong vil- lages. Hmong teenagers, both males and females, were offered opportunities ‘to study’, and as a result, many hundreds, or possibly more, travelled to the border between Laos and China, where they received basic political and military training at a rustic camp known as A-30. Many Hmong also learnt how to speak, read and write Central Thai at A-30. Ian G. Baird is a Professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Urai Yangcheepsutjarit is a doctoral student at Chiang Mai University. Correspondence in connection with this article should be addressed to: ibaird@wisc.edu. Thanks to all the Hmong people who helped explain their ideas and circumstances, before, during and after the CPT period. Thanks to Katherine O’Brien, a former student at UW- Madison, for giving the first author a reason, in June 2018 during a Hmong Study Abroad in Thailand, to do more interviews with Hmong women about Hmong women’s rights during the CPT per- iod. Thanks, also, for her comments on an earlier draft of the article. Thomas Marks also provided useful comments, as did two anonymous external reviewers. The map was prepared by Austin Novak from the Cartography Lab at the Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 53(1-2), pp 100–122 March–June 2022. 100 © The National University of Singapore, 2022 doi:10.1017/S0022463422000170 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463422000170 Published online by Cambridge University Press