1 3
DOI 10.1007/s10337-017-3286-2
Chromatographia
ORIGINAL
Quantification of Transformation Products of Unsymmetrical
Dimethylhydrazine in Water Using SPME and GC-MS
Nadezhda V. Bakaikina
1
· Bulat Kenessov
1
· Nikolay V. Ul’yanovskii
2
· Dmitry S. Kosyakov
2
·
Sergey A. Pokryshkin
2
· Miras Derbissalin
1
· Zhailaubay K. Zhubatov
3
Received: 11 December 2016 / Revised: 27 February 2017 / Accepted: 2 March 2017
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017
however, the list of analytes detected by this method can be
further expanded. Accuracies determined by GC-MS were in
the range of 75–125% for six analytes. Compared to other
available methods based on non-SPME sample preparation
approaches (e.g., liquid–liquid and solid-phase extraction),
the developed method is simpler, automated and provides
lower detection limits. It covers more UDMH transformation
products than available SPME-based methods. The list of
analytes could be further expanded if new standards become
available. The developed method is recommended for assess-
ing water quality in the territories affected by space activities
and other related studies.
Keywords SPME · GC-MS · Quantification ·
Transformation products · Dimethylhydrazine · Water
Introduction
Despite very high toxicity of a rocket fuel based on unsym-
metrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), it is still used
in heavy rockets in Russia, Kazakhstan and China [1].
Unburned UDMH remaining in tanks is spilled into the
environment [2] with formation of >50 known transforma-
tion products including nitrosoamines, tetrazenes, triazoles,
pyrazoles, tetrazoles, imidazoles, pyrazines, aldehydes and
other classes of compounds. Most of these transforma-
tion products are polar, have high water solubility and can
accumulate in surface and ground waters used for drinking
and household purposes. Despite most spilled fuel accu-
mulates in soil [3], the greatest health risks are associated
with water pollution. Ul’yanovskii et al. [4] showed that
concentrations of 1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole (MTA) and
N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in water samples from fall
regions of rockets can reach 600 μg L
-1
.
Abstract Quantification of trace concentrations of trans-
formation products of rocket fuel unsymmetrical dimethyl-
hydrazine (UDMH) in water requires complex analytical
instrumentation and tedious sample preparation. The goal of
this research was to develop a simple and automated method
for sensitive quantification of UDMH transformation prod-
ucts in water using headspace (HS) solid-phase microex-
traction (SPME) in combination with GC-MS and GC-MS/
MS. HS SPME is based on extraction of analytes from a gas
phase above samples by a micro polymer coating followed
by a thermal desorption of analytes in a GC inlet. Extrac-
tion by 85 μm Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber at 50 °C
during 60 min provides the best combination of sensitivity
and precision. Tandem mass spectrometric detection with
positive chemical ionization improves method accuracy and
selectivity. Detection limits of twelve analytes by GC-MS/
MS with chemical ionization are about 10 ng L
-1
. GC-MS
provides similar detection limits for five studied analytes;
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this
article (doi:10.1007/s10337-017-3286-2) contains supplementary
material, which is available to authorized users.
* Bulat Kenessov
bkenesov@gmail.com
1
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Center
of Physical Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Al-
Farabi Kazakh National University, 96A Tole Bi Street, Lab.
101, 050012 Almaty, Kazakhstan
2
Core Facility Center ‘Arktika’, Northern (Arctic)
Federal University, 17 Severnaya Dvina Embankment,
163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
3
Scientific Research Center “Garysh-Ecologiya”, Aerospace
Committee of the Ministry of Investments and Development
of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 108 Nauryzbay Batyr Street,
050000 Almaty, Kazakhstan