Deposition pattern and throughfall fluxes in secondary cool temperate forest, South Korea Mukesh Kumar Gautam *, 1 , Kwang-Sik Lee * , Byeong -Yeol Song Division of Earth and Environmental Science, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea highlights graphical abstract  Throughfall, dry deposition, and canopy exchange fluxes were assessed in 4 stands.  Stand types was the dominant factor controlling the variation in fluxes.  Coniferous stands had the highest nitrogen and sulphur net throughfall deposition.  Canopy leaching and dry deposition are important components of throughfall.  Despite nearness to sea, pedogenic constituents dominate throughfall fluxes. article info Article history: Received 11 February 2017 Received in revised form 19 April 2017 Accepted 21 April 2017 Available online 27 April 2017 Keywords: Throughfall fluxes Canopy exchange Dry deposition Base cations Cool temperate forests South Korea abstract Chemistry and deposition fluxes in the rainfall and throughfall of red pine (Pinus densiflora), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), and chestnut (Castanea crenata) monocultures, and mixed red pineeblack locust echestnut stands were examined in a nutrient-limited cool temperate forest of central South Korea. Throughfall was enriched in both basic and acidic constituents relative to rainfall, suggesting that both dry deposition and canopy leaching are important sources of throughfall constituents. Net throughfall fluxes (NTFs) of cations and anions significantly differed among four different stands as well as seasonally. Red pine exhibited highest fluxes (TF and NTF) for Ca 2þ , black locust for K þ , mixed stands for Mg 2þ , and chestnut for Na þ . In contrast, NTF of SO 4 2- , NO 3  , and NH 4 þ was highest in the red pine, intermediate in the chestnut and mixed stands, and lowest in the black locust. In general, canopy uptake of H þ and NH 4 þ for all stands was higher in summer than in winter. Dry deposition appears to play a major role in atmospheric deposition to this cool temperate forest, especially in summer. Dry deposition for both cations and anions displayed high spatial variability, even though stands were adjacent to one another and experienced identical atmospheric deposition loads. Canopy leaching of K þ (95e78% of NTF), Mg 2þ (92e23% of NTF), and Ca 2þ (91e12% of NTF) was highest for the black locust, lowest for chestnut, and intermediate for the red pine and mixed stands. The present study documented significant changes in throughfall chemistry and NTF among different forest stands, which presumably be related with the differences in the canopy characteristics and differences in their scavenging capacity for dry deposition and canopy exchange. Dif- ference in the canopy retention of H þ and base cation leaching suggests that canopy exchange was mainly driven by weak acid excretion and lesser by H þ exchange reaction. Our results indicate that despite a high base cation deposition, a combination of higher input of acidifying constituents, low soil pH, and total acidic deposition approaching South Korean critical loads make regional forest vulnerable to acidification. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. * Corresponding authors. E-mail addresses: mukeshcric@gmail.com (M. Kumar Gautam), kslee@kbsi.re.kr (K.-S. Lee). 1 Present address: Department of Natural Science, Baruch College, City University of New York, 55 Lexington Avenue, 24th St, New York, NY 10010, United states. Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Atmospheric Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/atmosenv http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.04.030 1352-2310/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Atmospheric Environment 161 (2017) 71e81