EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE, CLINICAL TRIALS AND THEIR INTERPRETATIONS (L. ROEVER, SECTION EDITOR) Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Its Links with Inflammation and Atherosclerosis Luan Rodrigues Abdallah 1 & Ricardo Cardoso de Matos 1 & Yves Pacheco Dias March e Souza 1 & Débora Vieira-Soares 1 & Gabriela Muller-Machado 1 & Priscila Pollo-Flores 1 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020 Abstract Purpose of Review We summarize best data of the association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardio- vascular disease (CVD). Recent Findings NAFLD has been linked with insulin resistance, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, conditions known to be associated with CVD and subclinical atherosclerosis. The rising evidence of the association between NAFLD and subclinical CVD may suggest that NAFLD is not only a marker but also may be actively involved in pathogenesis of CVD. Summary It is an overview of previous studies assessing relationships between NAFLD and markers of cardiovascular disease, as the presence of coronary artery calcification, increased arterial stiffness, and elevated carotid media thickness, in order to better understand the interplay between these conditions. Keywords Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease . Steatohepatitis . Inflammation . Cardiovascular risks . Atherosclerosis . Aortic stiffness . Carotid media thickness . Coronary artery calcification Abbreviations NAFLD Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease MS Metabolic syndrome BMD Bone mineral density NASH Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis c-IMT Carotid wall intimal medial thickness IL Interleukin TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor α CAD Coronary artery heart disease APOB Apoprotein B FFA Free fatty acid CRP C-reactive protein ALT Alanine aminotransferase AST Aspartate aminotransferase CVD Cardiovascular disease LDL Low density lipoprotein VLDL Very low density lipoprotein HDL High density lipoprotein FMD Flow mediated dilation OR Odds ratio CI Confidence interval P P value CAC Coronary artery calcification cf-PWV Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity Introduction The most common cause of death around the world and among patients with NAFLD is cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1]. Despite the major contribution of traditional risk factors to CVD burden, 10 to 15% of individuals with mani- fest CVD have no risk traditional factor [2]. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an epidemic global health problem nowadays, with a prevalence close to 30% in the general population [3], in parallel with obesity epidemic and occidental alimentary diet habitus. NAFLD is a spectrum of liver diseases, since simple steatosis until This article is part of the Topical Collection on Evidence-Based Medicine, Clinical Trials and Their Interpretations * Priscila Pollo-Flores priscilapolloflores@id.uff.br 1 Antônio-Pedro Universitary Hospital, 303 Marquês de Paraná, Center, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Current Atherosclerosis Reports (2020) 22:7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-020-0820-8