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PURPOSE: To develop sex- and age-specific international normative 20 m shuttle run test (20mSRT) values for children and youth (aged 9-17 years), and to estimate the
prevalence meeting the FITNESSGRAM® criterion-referenced standards for healthy cardiorespiratory endurance.
METHODS: A systematic literature search was undertaken to identify papers explicitly reporting descriptive 20mSRT (with 1-minute stages) data on children and youth since
1981. Data were included on apparently healthy (free from known disease/injury) 9-17 year-olds. Following corrections for methodological differences, pseudo data were
generated using Monte Carlo simulation, with population-weighted sex- and age-specific normative centile values generated using the LMS method. Sex- and age-related
differences were expressed as percent and standardized differences in means. The prevalence of children and youth with healthy cardiorespiratory endurance was estimated
using the age- and sex-specific FITNESSGRAM® criterion-referenced standards .
RESULTS: Normative values were displayed as tabulated centiles for the 20mSRT using four common metrics (speed [km/h] at the last completed stage, completed stages,
laps, and mass-specific peak oxygen uptake) on a dataset comprising 850,036 test performance scores from 48 countries extracted from 159 reports. Boys consistently
outperformed girls at each age group (mean difference ±95%CI: 0.99 ±0.35 km/h or 0.81 ±0.21 standardized units), with the magnitude of age-related increases larger for
boys than for girls. Boys (mean ±95%CI: 68 ±13%) had healthier cardiorespiratory endurance than girls (mean ±95%CI: 52 ±18%), with the prevalence of healthy
cardiorespiratory endurance decreasing systematically with age.
CONCLUSION: This study provides the most comprehensive and up-to-date set of international sex- and age-specific normative 20mSRT values for children and youth. We
envision these results as a useful tool for coaches, physical educators, health practitioners, and public health workers as a surveillance, profiling, and/or screening instrument
to help identify over- and under-performing children and youth.
399 Board #236 June 1, 11:00 AM - 12:30 PM
A Novel CB/PDMS Electrode For ECG Monitoring During Swimming
Yeon Sik Noh, Chae Ho Cho, S. M. A. Salehizadeh, Bersain A. Reyes, Justin R. Bales, Ki H. Chon. University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
Email: ysnoh@engr.uconn.edu
(No relationships reported)
To collect reliable electrocardiogram (ECG) signals during swimming, waterproof tape must be generously applied to commercial Ag/AgCl electrodes to seal off water
penetration. Prolonged use of waterproof tape can lead to skin irritations and when the tape is removed it can tear the skin.
PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to examine if our reusable hydrophobic ECG electrodes, which are composed of carbon black powder/ Polydimethylsiloxane (CB/
PDMS), can be effectively used to collect reliable ECG signals underwater.
METHODS: An ECG signal (Lead I configuration) was collected using a custom-made chest strap which incorporated our hydrophobic electrodes. Two CB/PDMS electrodes
were attached to the strap, which also had a miniaturized ECG data acquisition board. The ECG signal and tri-axis accelerometric data were saved directly into a micro-SD
card in the ECG circuit board. Three participants were recruited to examine the electrodes’ performance during two types of swimming (freestyle and breaststroke). The
experimental protocol included having the subjects stand while not immersed (dry condition, 1 min) and then swim each type of stroke (1 lap each (45 meter)). We examined
the ECG signal quality by observing if there were reductions of QRS peak amplitudes during swimming when compared to the dry condition. Specifically, we calculated cross-
correlation indices of ECG templates to quantitatively determine possible morphological changes in ECG waveforms when electrodes were exposed to water. Moreover, we
computed the amount of signal dropout due to either motion artifacts or water penetration into our electrodes.
RESULTS: No significant reduction of QRS peak amplitude was observed between dry and swimming conditions, for both freestyle and breaststroke. The cross correlation
indices of ECG templates between dry and swimming conditions for freestyle and breaststroke were both 99.9%. Moreover, there was minimal ECG signal loss (less than 1%)
due to either motion artifacts or water penetration.
CONCLUSIONS: Our CB/PDMS electrodes can provide high-fidelity ECG signal morphologies without any amplitude degradation and minimal signal dropout during
swimming. These electrodes have the potential to be applicable to better understanding underwater physiology, and as a performance-enhancement training aid.
400 Board #237 June 1, 11:00 AM - 12:30 PM
Associations between Physical Fitness, Physical Activity Levels and Fatness in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities
Guillermo R. Oviedo
1
, Oscar Niño
2
, Juan Alamo
2
, María Delicado
2
, Míriam Guerra-Balic
3
.
1
North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
2
University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
3
University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain.
Email: groviedo77@gmail.com
(No relationships reported)
INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of obesity among adults with intellectual disability (AID) is significantly higher than in the general population. At present limited research has
been done on the relationship between physical fitness (PF), objectively measured physical activity levels (PAL) and different markers of fatness in AID.
PURPOSE: To examine associations between PF, PAL and fatness in AID.
METHODS: An AID group (54 m/44 f; 44±12 y) were recruited from an Occupational Day Center. BMI, body fat percentage (BF%), fat free mass percentage (FFM%), waist
(WC) and hip circumferences (HC) were obtained. VO
2
peak was obtained during a metabolic treadmill test. GT3X Actigraph accelerometers were used to obtain total PA
(TPA), steps per day (DS), time spent in sedentary (ST), light PA (LPA); moderate PA (MPA), vigorous PA (VPA), moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA). The timed up and go test
(TUGT) to assess dynamic balance and gait speed was used. Handgrip (HG) and leg strength (LS) were also obtained.
RESULTS: VO
2
peak correlated with TPA (r=.421), DS (r=.318), VPA (r=.240), MVPA (r=.517), BF% (r=-.496), FFM% (r=.480), WC (r=-.445), HC (r=-.412), TUGT(r=-.363),
HG (r=.435) and LS (r=.432). TPA and DS were correlated with HG (r=.348; r=.280) and LS (r=.294; r=.221). VPA was correlated with BF% (r=-.229) and FFM% (r=.218).
MVPA was correlated HG (r=.347; r=.268), LS (r=.326) and TUGT (r=-.229).
CONCLUSIONS: The present results show that high levels of PA are positively associated with PF. VPA, in particular, is associated with BF% and FFM% in AID. Future PA
recommendations for AID should consider a particular emphasis on the amount of VPA when promoting PA.
Copyright © 2016 by the American College of Sports Medicine. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.