$ 6WDEOH &OXVWHU%DVHG $UFKLWHFWXUH )RU &RJQLWLYH 5DGLR $G+RF 1HWZRUNV 1DIHHV 0DQVRRU   $.0 0X]DKLGXO ,VODP   0DKGL =DUHHL   6DEDULDK %DKDUXQ   DQG 6KR]R .RPDNL   0DOD\VLD-DSDQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO ,QVWLWXWH RI 7HFKQRORJ\ 0-,,7 8QLYHUVLWL 7HNQRORJL 0DOD\VLD 870 (PDLO  QDIHHV#QDIHHVLQIR  PX]DKLGXONO#XWPP\  P]DUHHL#LHHHRUJ  VDEDULDKE#XWPP\  VKR]RNO#XWPP\ &RUUHVSRQGLQJ $XWKRU  QDIHHV#QDIHHVLQIR $EVWUDFWｲ:LWK WKH UDSLG GHYHORSPHQW RI ZLUHOHVV WHFKQRORJLHV WKH GHPDQG IRU UDGLR VSHFWUXP LV HYHU LQFUHDVLQJ $ORQJ ZLWK WKH VSHFWUXP VFDUFLW\ SUREOHP UDGLR VSHFWUXPV DUH DOVR XQGHU XWLOL]HG &RJQLWLYH UDGLR SUDFWLFHV DQ RSHQ VSHFWUXP DOORFDWLRQ WHFKQLTXH ZKLFK FDQ HQVXUH HIILFLHQW KDQGOLQJ RI WKH IUHTXHQF\ EDQGV 6XLWDEOH QHWZRUN DUFKLWHFWXUH LV D PXVW IRU WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI FRJQLWLYH UDGLR QHWZRUNV 7KLV SDSHU SUHVHQWV VWDEOH FOXVWHUEDVHG DUFKLWHFWXUH IRU FRJQLWLYH UDGLR DGKRF QHWZRUN 7KH SURSRVHG DUFKLWHFWXUH VSOLWV WKH QHWZRUN LQWR JURXSV RI FOXVWHUV ZKHUH WKH VSDWLDO YDULDWLRQV RI VSHFWUXP DYDLODELOLW\ DUH FRQVLGHUHG IRU FOXVWHULQJ 6HW RI IUHH FRPPRQ FKDQQHOV UHVLGHV HYHU\ FOXVWHU IRU VPRRWK VKLIWLQJ DPRQJ FRQWURO FKDQQHOV :H LQWURGXFH D SDUDPHWHU FDOOHG &OXVWHU +HDG 'HWHUPLQDWLRQ )DFWRU &+') WR VHOHFW FOXVWHUKHDGV ZKHUH FOXVWHUVｶ RSHUDWLRQV DUH FRRUGLQDWHG E\ FOXVWHUKHDGV (DFK FOXVWHU FRPSULVHV RI D VHFRQGDU\ FOXVWHUKHDG WR FRPEDW WKH UH FOXVWHULQJ LVVXH IRU PRELOH QRGHV &RQFOXVLYHO\ WR HYDOXDWH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI RXU SURSRVHG VFKHPH VLPXODWLRQ LV FRQGXFWHG DQG FRPSDUDWLYH VWXGLHV DUH SHUIRUPHG .H\ZRUGVｲ &RJQLWLYH UDGLR QHWZRUNV DGKRF QHWZRUNV FOXVWHUEDVHG QHWZRUN UHFOXVWHULQJ , ,1752'8&7,21 7KHUH LV D UDSLG JURZWK LQ ZLUHOHVV DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG WHFKQRORJLHV ZKLFK FDUULHV DQ HYHULQFUHDVLQJ GHPDQG IRU UDGLR VSHFWUXPV +RZHYHU UDGLR VSHFWUXP LV D OLPLWHG QDWXUDO UHVRXUFH DQG LV DOPRVW IXOO\ GLVWULEXWHG 7KHUHIRUH WKHUH OLHV VSHFWUXP VFDUFLW\ SUREOHP IRU WKH IRUWKFRPLQJ ZLUHOHVV WHFKQRORJLHV 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG GXH WR WKH FXUUHQW FRPPDQG DQGFRQWURO EDVHG VSHFWUXP DOORFDWLRQ PHWKRG UDGLR VSHFWUXP LV XQGHUXWLOL]HG ZLWK YDULDQFH RI IUHTXHQF\ WLPH DQG VSDFH >@ - 0LWROD ,,, LQLWLDWHV &RJQLWLYH 5DGLR 1HWZRUN &51 ZKHUH XWLOL]DWLRQ RI WKH XQXVHG VSHFWUXP LQ DQ RSSRUWXQLVWLF PDQQHU LV WKH PDLQ REMHFWLYH > @ ,Q UHDO WLPH FRJQLWLYH UDGLR QHWZRUN DQ LQWHOOLJHQW ZLUHOHVV FRPPXQLFDWLRQ V\VWHP KDV WKH DELOLW\ WR DGMXVW LWVHOI RQ WKH VLWXDWLRQ DQG WR PDNH UHOHYDQW FKDQJHV LQ RSHUDWLQJ SDUDPHWHUV VXFK DV FDUULHU IUHTXHQF\ WUDQVPLWSRZHU PRGXODWLRQ VWUDWHJ\ HWF ,Q &51 OLFHQVHG XVHUV DUH FRQVLGHUHG DV 3ULPDU\ 8VHUV 38V DQG 6HFRQGDU\ 8VHUV 68V DUH WKH XQOLFHQVHG XVHUV ZKR XVH WKH IUHH VSHFWUXP RSSRUWXQLVWLFDOO\ $ GHFHQWUDOL]HG DQG VHOIFRQILJXUHG ZLUHOHVV QHWZRUN LV FRQVLGHUHG DV ZLUHOHVV DGKRF QHWZRUN ZKHUH WKH QHWZRUN GRHV QRW GHSHQG RQ SUHH[LVWLQJ LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV >@ 7KH GHFHQWUDOL]HG IHDWXUH RI ZLUHOHVV DGKRF QHWZRUNV DOORZV WKH QHWZRUN WR EH PRUH VFDODEOH WKDQ RI ZLUHOHVV PDQDJHG QHWZRUN 0RUHRYHU VZLIW GHSOR\PHQW DQG PLQLPDO FRQILJXUDWLRQ PDNH ZLUHOHVV DG KRF QHWZRUNV VXLWDEOH IRU HPHUJHQF\ VLWXDWLRQV OLNH QDWXUDO FDODPLWLHV RU PLOLWDU\ FRQIOLFWV >@ 0RELOH $GKRF 1HWZRUNV 0$1(7V DQG :LUHOHVV 6HQVRU 1HWZRUNV :61 DUH WKH WZR SRSXODU W\SHV RI ZLUHOHVV DGKRF QHWZRUNV >@ +RZHYHU ERWK RI WKHVH WZR WHFKQRORJLHV XVH IL[HG VSHFWUXPV ZKLFK OLPLW XVHUV WR G\QDPLFDOO\ XVH XQXVHG VSHFWUXP 'XH WR WKH IOH[LEOH DQG G\QDPLF VSHFWUXP XVDJH EHKDYLRU RYHU RWKHU DGKRF WHFKQRORJLHV &51 KDV UHFHLYHG D SURIRXQG LQWHUHVW WR FRPPXQLFDWLRQ QHWZRUN UHVHDUFKHUV LQ WKH ODVW IHZ \HDUV &OXVWHULQJ LV D ZLGHO\ SUDFWLFHG VFKHPH WR VFDOH GRZQ DG KRF QHWZRUNV ZKHUH FOXVWHUEDVHG QHWZRUN H[KLELWV YDULRXV DGYDQWDJHV FRPSDUH WR IODW QHWZRUN ,Q FOXVWHUEDVHG QHWZRUN QRGHV DUH GLYLGHG LQWR ORJLFDO JURXSV ZKHUH DGMDFHQW QRGHV LQ VDPH JHRJUDSKLFDO ORFDWLRQ DUH JURXSHG EDVHG RQ FHUWDLQ FULWHULD 7KH JURXSLQJ FULWHULD XVXDOO\ EDVHG RQ QHWZRUN FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG DSSOLFDWLRQ UHTXLUHPHQWV )RU H[DPSOH FOXVWHUV LQ D G\QDPLF HQYLURQPHQW DUH IRUPHG WR PDLQWDLQ QHWZRUN WRSRORJ\ VLPSOHU DQG VWDEOH ZKHUH QHWZRUNZLGH XSGDWHV DUH QRW WULJJHUHG E\ ORFDO FKDQJHV $QRWKHU FRPPRQ REMHFWLYH IRU FOXVWHULQJ LV WR FRQVWUXFW OHVVHU QXPEHU RI FOXVWHUV VR WKDW QXPEHU RI QRGHV LQ WKH QHWZRUN EDFNERQH LV UHPDLQHG OHVV 'XH WR WKH IOH[LEOH DQG G\QDPLF VSHFWUXP XVDJH EHKDYLRU RYHU RWKHU DGKRF WHFKQRORJLHV FRJQLWLYH UDGLR QHWZRUN KDV UHFHLYHG D SURIRXQG LQWHUHVW WR FRPPXQLFDWLRQ QHWZRUN UHVHDUFKHUV IRU WKH ODVW IHZ \HDUV >@ ,Q WKLV SDSHU ZH SUHVHQW VWDEOH FOXVWHUEDVHG VSHFWUXP DZDUH QHWZRUN DUFKLWHFWXUH IRU FRJQLWLYH UDGLR DGKRF QHWZRUN 7KH SURSRVHG DUFKLWHFWXUH VSOLWV WKH QHWZRUN LQWR FOXVWHUV ZKHUH WKH VSDWLDO YDULDWLRQV RI VSHFWUXP DYDLODELOLW\ DUH FRQVLGHUHG IRU FOXVWHULQJ 6HW RI IUHH FRPPRQ FKDQQHOV UHVLGHV HYHU\ FOXVWHU IRU VPRRWK VKLIWLQJ DPRQJ FRQWURO FKDQQHOV $ SDUDPHWHU FDOOHG &OXVWHU +HDG 'HWHUPLQDWLRQ )DFWRU &+') LV LQWURGXFHG WR VHOHFW FOXVWHU KHDGV ZKHUH FOXVWHUVｶ RSHUDWLRQV DUH FRRUGLQDWHG E\ FOXVWHU KHDGV (DFK FOXVWHU FRPSULVHV RI D VHFRQGDU\ FOXVWHUKHDG WR FRPEDW WKH UHFOXVWHULQJ LVVXH IRU PRELOH QRGHV 7KH FRPSRQHQWV RI WKH SURSRVHG FOXVWHUEDVHG DUFKLWHFWXUH DUH &OXVWHU+HDGV &+V 6HFRQGDU\ &OXVWHU+HDGV 6&+V &OXVWHU 0HPEHUV &0V DQG )RUZDUGLQJ 1RGHV )1V 6LPXODWLRQ UHVXOWV VKRZ WKDW WKH SURSRVHG FOXVWHUEDVHG DUFKLWHFWXUH RXWSHUIRUPV RWKHU UHFHQWO\ GHYHORSHG FOXVWHULQJ DSSURDFKHV E\ XSKROGLQJ D UHGXFHG QXPEHU RI FOXVWHUV LQ WKH QHWZRUN ZKHUH QXPEHU RI FRPPRQ FKDQQHOV LQ HDFK FOXVWHU DOVR UHPDLQV VWHDG\   ,((( Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA. Downloaded on September 08,2021 at 05:32:22 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.