BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH JOURNAL 2021, Vol. 4, No. 2, 57 - 69 http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/bbrj.04.02.03 How to cite: Azizah, N, N, Arsianti A, E & Erlina, L. (2021). A Review: Analysis of Microbiome Diversity in Cancer. Bioinformatics and Biomedical Research Journal 4(2): 57 - 69. doi: 10.11594/bbrj.04.02.03 Research Article A Review: Analysis of Microbiome Diversity in Cancer Norma Nur Azizah 1* , Ade Arsianti 2 , Linda Erlina 2 1 Bioinformatics, Biomedical Science Magister Program, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia 2 Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia Article history: Submission November 2021 Revised December 2021 Accepted December 2021 ABSTRACT There have been many studies linking the microbiome to disease, in- cluding cancer. The microbiome is all the genetic material in the form of bacteria, fungi, or viruses that exist in parts of the human body. The microbiome is reported to trigger cancer due to the presence of cer- tain pathogenic microbes or the presence of dysbiosis. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the diversity of the microbiome to see the rela- tionship. Metagenomics is the latest technology that can be used to analyze the diversity of the microbiome in cancer. There are two ap- proaches in metagenomic analysis, namely targeted sequencing and sequencing of the entire metagenome. This paper will discuss a tar- geted sequencing metagenomic approach for the identification of mi- crobial diversity in cancer. Keywords: Microbiome, cancer, targeted sequencing, metagenomics, di- versity *Corresponding author: E-mail: norma.nur01@ui.ac.id Introduction Cancer is a disease that causes the second most deaths globally and contributed to the number of deaths of around 10 million in 2020. In the same year, cancer in Indonesia was ranked the third-highest death rate after heart disease and stroke, with the number of cancer cases in Indonesia reaching 4.8 million with a death toll was 207,210. Globally, cancers with the highest number of cases are lung, breast, and colorectal cancer. Meanwhile, in Indonesia, the highest number of cancer sufferers is breast and colorectal cancer [1-2]. The microbiome is all genetic material of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that are existing in an organism or environment. The microbiome is also known as microbial organisms, is usually limited to bacteria, which is located in certain body parts, such as the intestines, skin, and lungs. Currently, the existence of the microbi- ome is one of the interesting things in the health sector. Many studies report the role of the microbiome in the body related to an imbal- ance (dysbiosis) in the number of microbial populations, the presence of infection by spe- cific pathogens (specific bacteria), and bacteria that modulate carcinogens that can cause vari- ous health problems [3]. Because infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses can create toxins (poisons), car- cinogenic metabolites, and induce chronic in- flammation, they have been linked to cancer. Infectious-agent-associated cancers account for approximately 20% of all cancer types [4]. Due to the presence of microbiome dysbiosis in